有机肥配施氮肥对玉米根系生长、氮素利用及产量和品质的影响  

Effects of organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer on root growth,nitrogen use,yield and quality of maize

作　　者：费聪 张开祥 马宏秀 孙慧 FEI Cong;ZHANG Kaixiang;MA Hongxiu;SUN Hui(Department of Life Sciences,Yuncheng University,Yuncheng,Shanxi 044000,China;Inner Mongolia Wofeng Agricultural Development Co.,Ltd.,Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia 162650,China;College of Forestry and Prataculture,Ningxia University,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750021,China)

机构地区：[1]运城学院生命科学系,山西运城044000 [2]内蒙古沃丰农业发展有限公司,内蒙古呼伦贝尔162650 [3]宁夏大学林业与草业学院,宁夏银川750021

出　　处：《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2025年第5期26-34,共9页Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：山西省基础研究计划项目(202303021212260);优秀博士来晋科研专项(QZX-2023029);运城学院校级科研项目(YY-202213)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究有机肥与氮肥配施对玉米根系生长、氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响,探索玉米生产中有机肥与氮肥配施的最佳比例,为玉米高产优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】于2021和2022年,采用大田试验与微区试验相结合的方法,设置不施氮处理(T0)、常规施氮量(T1)、有机肥替代15%氮肥(T2)、有机肥替代30%氮肥(T3)、有机肥替代45%氮肥(T4)共5个处理,在玉米成熟后,测定不同处理的土壤理化性质(体积质量、速效养分和有机质含量)、玉米根系形态(根长、根表面积、根直径)和根系活力以及与氮代谢相关酶(谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR))活性、氮肥利用率与损失率以及玉米籽粒产量和品质(淀粉、蛋白质含量)。【结果】2021和2022年,与T0处理相比,T1~T4处理均明显降低了土壤体积质量,增加了土壤速效养分和有机质含量,其中以T3处理的土壤速效养分和有机质含量最高。2021和2022年,随着有机肥替代氮肥比例的增加,玉米根长、根表面积、根直径、根系活力和氮代谢相关酶(GS、GOGAT、NR和NiR)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,以上指标均以T3处理最大。2021和2022年,成熟期玉米植株氮分别有32.17%~40.86%和11.04%~14.87%来源于氮肥。与T1处理相比,T2~T4处理明显提高了氮肥利用率,降低了氮肥损失率。2021和2022年,与T0处理相比,T1~T4处理均明显提高了玉米籽粒产量及淀粉和蛋白质含量;随着有机肥替代氮肥比例的增加,玉米淀粉和蛋白质含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且以上指标均以T3处理最大。【结论】当有机肥替代30%氮肥(T3)时,明显提高了土壤养分含量,促进根系生长及对土壤氮素的吸收与利用,进而提高了玉米籽粒产量和品质,是最佳的有机肥与氮肥配施比例。【Objective】The study aimed to discover the effects of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer on root growth,nitrogen uptake and utilization,yield and quality of maize,and to explore the optimal application ratio of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer in maize production,so as to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality maize cultivation.【Method】In 2021 and 2022,a combination of field experiments and micro-experiments was used to set up five treatments,including no nitrogen application(T0),conventional nitrogen application(T1),organic fertilizer application instead of 15%nitrogen fertilizer(T2),organic fertilizer application instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer(T3),and organic fertilizer application instead of 45%nitrogen fertilizer(T4).Soil physicochemical properties(volume mass,available nutrients and organic matter content),root growth(root length,root surface area,root diameter,root vigor and nitrogen metabolism enzymes activity,including glutamine synthetase(GS),glutamate synthetase(GOGAT),nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrite reductase(NiR)),nitrogen use efficiency and loss rates,and maize grain yield and quality(starch and protein content)of corn were determined in the five treatments of corn at maturity.【Result】In 2021 and 2022,compared with T0 treatment,T1-T4 treatments significantly reduced soil volumetric mass and increased soil available nutrients and organic matter contents,among which T3 treatment showed the highest content of soil available nutrients and organic matter.In 2021 and 2022,with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer,root length,root surface area,root diameter,root activity and nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes activity(GS,GOGAT,NR and NiR)in maize increased first and then decreased in all treatments,with the highest in treatment T3 for all the above indexes.32.17%-40.86%of the nitrogen of maize plants at the mature stage came from nitrogen fertilizer in 2021,and 11.04%-14.87%in 2022.Compared with T1 treatmen

关 键 词：有机肥 15 N示踪 玉米根系 氮素吸收利用 产量 品质 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]