智能合约代码之治的法律边界  

The Legal Boundaries of Smart Contract Code Governance

作　　者：林群丰 LIN Qun-feng(School of Law,Hebei University of Economics and Business,Shijiazhuang 050061,China)

机构地区：[1]河北经贸大学法学院,河北石家庄050061

出　　处：《河北法学》2025年第7期143-161,共19页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：2023年河北省社科基金项目“NFT数字资产市场流通法律规制研究”(HB23FX007)的成果。

摘　　要：The DAO事件后,主张突破代码即法律进行以太坊硬分叉者认为,智能合约是执行区块链民主决策机制的工具,分叉是保护财产权的自力救济,是对智能合约进行合目的性解释。反对者则坚持代码即法律,认为分叉有悖于去中心化理念,而宽容代码漏洞属于法律容错性在智能合约治理中的体现,且分叉并未真正挽回投资者损失。智能合约代码之治的两种观点分别代表了相应的应用场景,以太坊后续发展则是融合两者之后的新范式。代码即法律适用于不可逆自动执行类智能合约,用于规范数字资产等不可逆交易,其形式上等同于附条件生效合同,代码部分取代了主体资格、情势变更、合约履行程度等法律规则。主张突破代码即法律者,实际上指向电子合同类智能合约,其本质是登记在区块链上的书面合同。以太坊分叉衍生出了可拓展型智能合约,以新的代码治理范式弥合了双方冲突:信奉代码即法律者延续以太经典链,反对者则迁移至新链,双方继续共享分叉前形成的生态系统,且均获得新旧两种代币。此范式改变了合同履行,以代码治理的形式化解了传统财产法理论中民主与自由的结构性矛盾。After the DAO incident,those who advocated for breaking through the principle of“code is law”and carrying out an Ethereum hard fork believed that smart contracts are tools for implementing the democratic decision-making mechanism of the blockchain.The fork is a form of self-help to protect property rights and a teleological interpretation of smart contracts.Opponents,on the other hand,adhered to the principle of“code is law”and argued that the fork was contrary to the concept of decentralization.Moreover,tolerating code vulnerabilities was seen as an embodiment of legal fault tolerance in the governance of smart contracts,and the fork did not truly recover the losses of investors.The two viewpoints on the governance of smart contract code each represent corresponding application scenarios,and the subsequent development of Ethereum is a new paradigm that integrates the two.The principle of“code is law”is applicable to irreversible self-executing smart contracts,which are used to regulate irreversible transactions such as digital assets.In form,it is equivalent to a contract that becomes effective upon the fulfillment of conditions,and the code partially replaces legal rules such as the subject qualification,change of circumstances,and the degree of contract performance.Those who advocate breaking through the principle of“code is law”actually refer to smart contracts of the electronic contract type,and their essence is a written contract registered on the blockchain.The Ethereum fork gave rise to expandable smart contracts,and a new code governance paradigm bridged the conflict between the two parties:those who believed in“code is law”continued with the Ethereum classic chain,while the opponents migrated to the new chain.Both parties continued to share the ecosystem formed before the fork and obtained both old and new tokens.This paradigm has changed contract performance and,in the form of code governance,which resolves the structural conflict between democracy and freedom in traditional propert

关 键 词：智能合约 代码即法律 去中心化 分布式治理 区块链 

分 类 号：DF0[政治法律—法学理论]