从《金阊名园图》论16世纪中叶江南园林艺术特征  

Artistic Features of Jiangnan Gardens During the Mid-16th Century as Reflected in the Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang

作　　者：庞世源 黄晓[1] PANG Shiyuan;HUANG Xiao(the School of Landscape Architecture,Beijing Forestry University)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学园林学院

出　　处：《风景园林》2025年第5期133-140,共8页Landscape Architecture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“互动演进视角下的明代私家园林与绘画研究”(编号52078039);国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于多重证据法的湮废园林复原方法及其评价体系研究”(编号52008302)。

摘　　要：【目的】16世纪中叶是明中后期江南私家造园转型的关键节点,但学界对当时园林的典型艺术特征尚未展开进一步讨论。文徵明《金阊名园图》描绘的徐封园(后称紫芝园)是16世纪中叶新建江南园林的代表,对其展开案例研究有助于获取佐证明中后期造园转型的论据,梳理和归纳假山、水体、植物和建筑等造园要素发生的具体变化。【方法】基于图文互证的研究方法对《金阊名园图》所绘园林进行复原,阐析此图展示的造园要素及设计手法,并与16世纪中叶前后其他明代江南园林进行比较,探寻明嘉靖以降造园转型的主要趋势。【结果】《金阊名园图》描绘的徐封园以奢丽风格和社交功能而著称,园内假山、水体、植物和建筑等造园要素既存在异于16世纪中叶以前传统文人园林的特征,也有顺接16世纪中叶至17世纪初造园全盛时期设计语言的现象。【结论】徐封园的局部平面复原与造园要素分析揭示了明嘉靖以降造园转型的2个主要趋势:叠山、理水的程式运用表明江南地区的造园者历经长期探索后逐渐确立广受认可并广泛运用的设计范式;植物、建筑的功能转变源自商品经济推动下园林社交功能的强化。16世纪中叶江南私家造园转型源自社会演变与艺术发展的共同作用,推动该时期江南私家园林的个案研究上升到群像调查,有助于宏观把握明中后期江南造园艺术的时代特征。[Objective]The mid-16th century is a critical period in the transformation of Jiangnan gardens during the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty.This period is characterized by a gradual weakening of the connection between garden making and agricultural economy,the enhancement of social functions of private gardens,and the infiltration of social atmosphere of entertainment and extravagance into the life of literati.Based on clarifying the overall trend of the transformation of Jiangnan gardens,it is necessary to further explore specific changes in garden elements such as rockeries,waterscape,plants,and buildings by combining them with specific examples.The private garden of Xu Feng,a wealthy merchant from Suzhou,is representative of the newly constructed Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century.The scenery of this garden is depicted in Wen Zhengming’s Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang(“Jinchangmingyuantu”).This painting vividly reflects many garden design techniques that were popular during the Jiajing period and provides intuitive evidence to support the argument of the transformation of Jiangnan gardens in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty.It also helps to form a clearer understanding of the typical artistic features of Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century.[Methods]The research method of mutual verification of literature and image is employed to reconstruct the garden depicted in the Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang.Combining visual and textual information to identify the correspondence between the painting and the Record of Zizhi Garden(Zizhiyuanji),in order to determine the orientation of buildings and the layout of garden.This process ultimately yields a partial plan of Xu Feng’s Garden,making the visual image of this renowned Jiangnan garden in the mid-16th century more intuitive.Furthermore,by analyzing the garden elements and design techniques based on the plan restoration of Xu Feng’s Garden,and comparing it with other Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century and its surrounding periods,the main tr

关 键 词：中国传统园林 江南园林 明中后期 园林复原 图文互证 造园要素 徐封园 紫芝园 

分 类 号：TU984[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]