环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响  

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF JUVENILE HARD CLAM MERCENARIA MERCENARIA (LINNAEUS,1758)

作　　者：张涛[1] 杨红生[1] 刘保忠[1] 李宝泉[1] 刘石林[1] 文海翔[1] 何义朝[1] 张福绥[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院海洋研究所,青岛266071

出　　处：《海洋与湖沼》2003年第2期142-149,共8页Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica

基　　金：国家"863"青年基金项目资助 2 0 0 1AA62 80 40号;国家"863"项目 2 0 0 2AA60 3 0 1 4的部分成果

摘　　要：采用室内模拟的方法 ,对盐度、饵料、底质和温度对硬壳蛤稚贝成活率和生长率的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,硬壳蛤稚贝存活和生长的适宜盐度范围为 1 8— 42 ,最适盐度范围为 2 4— 36。从稚贝成活率看 ,几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为 :等鞭金藻 >美国扁藻 >混合藻>亚心形扁藻 >大溪等鞭金藻 >三角褐指藻 >小球藻 >中肋骨条藻 ;但从稚贝日生长率看 ,几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为 :混合藻 >等鞭金藻 =美国扁藻 =亚心形扁藻 >大溪等鞭金藻>三角褐指藻 >小球藻 >中肋骨条藻。硬壳蛤对底质环境有一定的选择性 ,稚贝在纯砂底质中的成活率和日生长率均高于在纯海泥底质中 ,但砂的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率没有明显影响。硬壳蛤稚贝具有很强的耐高温能力 ,在室内控温条件下 ,能够耐受 30— 35℃的高温 ,但在室外自然温度条件下 ,当温度为 2 1 .8— 35 .4℃ (平均为 30 .1℃ )时 ,稚贝成活率却很低 ,无砂情况下只有 32 % 。Our data suggest that the salinity,diets,substrate,and temperature all affect the survival rate ( SR ) and growth rate ( GR ) of juvenile hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria . The salinity range suitable for juvenile survival and growth is 18-42,and the optimum range is 24-36. The SR and GR reduce significantly when the salinity is 12 and the juvenile are all dead in 6 salinity within 16h. The SR do not vary significantly between 18-48 salinity,but the GR reduce significantly when the salinity are above 42. According to the SR ,the consequence of raised effect of different diets is Isochrysis galbana>Teraselmis sp.>mixed diet> Platymonas subcordiformis>Isochrysis tahiti>Phaeodactylum tricornutum>Chlorella spp.> Skeletonema costatum ,but according to the GR ,the consequence is mixed diet> I. galbana = Teraselmis sp.= P. subcordiformis > I. tahiti > P. tricornutum > Chlorella spp.> S. costatum . The substrate also affect the SR and GR of juvenile hard clam. The SR and GR of juvenile in the predominantly sandy sediments are higher than that in the silt/clay sediments. But the diameters of sandy have no effect on the SR and GR . The juvenile hard clams have strong competence that stand high temperature. The SR are above 96% and the GR are between 2.53% -3.34% in the controlled high temperature of 30-35℃. But in the nature temperature,21.8-35.4℃ (average 30.1℃),the SR is lowest,which is 32% without sandy sediments and zero with sandy sediments. These results maybe result from the over change of temperature or over fierce light.

关 键 词：硬壳蛤 盐度 饵料 底质 温度 成活率 日生长率 

分 类 号：S968.3[农业科学—水产养殖]