化学灭鼠对长江流域农区鼠类群落结构的影响  

Impact of anticoagulant rodenticide on rodent communities in agro-ecosystem in Yangtze Valley

作　　者：张美文[1] 王勇[1] 李波[1] 郭聪[1] 陈安国[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所

出　　处：《生态学报》2003年第2期320-329,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家"九五"科技攻关资助项目 ( 96-0 0 5 -0 1 -0 6);中国科学院重大资助项目 ( KZ95 1 -B1 -1 0 6-2 );中国科学院知识创新资助项目 ( KZCX2 -SW-4 1 5 )~~

摘　　要：长江流域农业生态系统内 ,农田的主要害鼠为褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠、黄胸鼠、黄毛鼠、小家鼠、东方田鼠等 ,各地的鼠种组成有所不同 ,优势鼠种也因地而异。农房区的害鼠主要有褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠 3种 ,优势鼠种各地亦有区别。但经化学灭鼠后的残留鼠种却有一共同的特点 :灭鼠活动对褐家鼠种群的打击最大 ,灭后褐家鼠种群密度下降幅度最大 ;相对而言 ,小型鼠黑线姬鼠 (农田区 )与小家鼠 (农舍区 )及栖息在房屋上层的黄胸鼠 ,常成为灭鼠活动后的主要残留鼠种。化学灭鼠后鼠类群落结构比灭前都要发生较大的变化 ,这种差别可维持 3a左右 ,但经过 3～ 4a左右的恢复后 ,灭鼠区的鼠类群落组成与相似环境内自然演变区的已达基本一致。可见 ,化学灭鼠活动可以在短时间内对害鼠群落结构造成重大的影响 ,从长期看 ,害鼠群落的演变有着自身的规律 ,灭鼠后一定时期 ,鼠类群落结构将恢复到环境所决定的水平 ,灭鼠区的长期演替结果仍与相似环境内未灭鼠区的一样。Yangtze valley is located between 90°33′～122°19′ E and 24°27′～35°54′ N and covers about 1 800 000 km2 of area in China. The main rodent species in agro-ecosystem in Yangtze valley are Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus agrarius, Rattus flavipectus, Rattus losea, Mus musculus, Microtus forties. The rodent communities and the dominant species in farmland and in farmhouse differ with areas. Since early 1980s, first generation anticoagulant rodenticide has been applied extensively in the area. Usually, the rodenticide was used in large-scale of organized campaigns of rodent control. In order to evaluate the impact of anticoagulant rodenticide on rodent communities, the rodent populations in farmland and in farmhouse were monitored before and after the campaigns in Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province, Sichuan Province, Hubei Province, Anhui Province, Guanxi Province and Shanghai. The data collected from 1983 to 2000 indicate that the rodent communities in agro-ecosystem in Yangtze valley are affected remarkably after extensive use of anticoagulant rodenticide. The rodent populations decreased after each of the campaigns, especially of R. novegicus. Because the toxicity of first generation of anticoagulant for A. agrarius, M. musculus and R. flavipectus are relatively low, the proportion of residual individuals of A. agrarius in the fields, M. musculus and R. flavipectus in residential premises were higher than that of R. norvegicus after each campaign of rodent control. Consequently, the recovery of population of the three species after each campaign is faster than that of R. norvegicus. However, the rodent communities in various places are back to normal in 3～4 years once the campaigns of rodent control were stopped.

关 键 词：化学灭鼠 长江流域农区 鼠类 群落结构 农业生态系统 

分 类 号：S443[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治] R184.35[农业科学—植物保护]