高等植物离体受精研究进展  

Advances in in Vitro Fertilization Study of Higher Plants

作　　者：田惠桥[1] 

机构地区：[1]厦门大学生命科学学院,厦门361005

出　　处：《植物生理与分子生物学学报》2003年第1期3-10,共8页Journal Of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助 (项目批准号 30 170 0 6 0 )课题~~

摘　　要：高等植物的卵细胞深藏在子房内的胚珠体细胞组织中 ,形成了对高等植物受精过程研究的技术障碍。以前采用超微结构观察研究受精过程已取得了一定的结果 ,但用固定切片技术研究受精机理需将卵细胞杀死 ,并且不能进行定点追踪观察。将高等植物的精、卵细胞分离出来在体外诱导其融合的离体受精技术可在很大程度上克服这些技术障碍 ,对雌、雄配子的识别和融合 ,合子开始胚胎发生等一系列的受精和胚胎发生机理进行研究。分离的雌、雄配子及合子使应用分子生物学方法研究这些细胞的结构和功能成为可能。将合子的二倍性和胚胎发生特性与外源DNA转入技术结合起来可使转基因植物研究的后期工作简单化。另外 ,异种植物离体精、卵细胞融合和杂种合子的培养也是进行远缘杂交的一条有潜力的途径。Our understanding of fertilization mechanism in higher plants is very limited and came mainly from general information obtained from studies using light and electron microscopy because of the complexity of the reproductive structures and the gametes embedded deeply in parental tissues. Now following the progress of isolation of male and female gametes, the fusion of both gametes can be induced using electric pulse, Ca 2+ or PEG. In vitro fertilization with isolated gametes of higher plants makes it possible to study the fertilization machenism with only the gamete cells without the influences of somatic ovary and ovule tissue on the level of single cells. It also allows fertilization proceeding of higher plants to be studied using molecular methods, for example: differential screening of cDNA libraries of egg cells and in vitro zygotes, and isolating more than 50 different genes expressing up- or down-regulated after in vitro fertilization; isolating and charactering cDNA clones responsible for zygotic division and the cDNA clones encoding generative cell-specific histones; locating the gene product of male gametic cell at the surface of sperm, which may role in sperm-egg interactions. The culture of zygotes of in vitro fertilization can be used to probe zygote activation that is still poorly understood. The feature of cultured zygotes developing directly into fertile plants is of great importance in the breeding of transgenic plants. The in vitro fertilization between isolated gametes from plants of different species may be used to overcome interspecific imcompatibilities occurring during pollination, which will be very useful for the genetic improvement of plants if the difficulty of the regeneration of hybrids can be overcome. The research results of in vitro fertilization in recent years are reviewed.

关 键 词：高等植物 离体受精 受精 精细胞 卵细胞 细胞融合 远缘杂交 

分 类 号：Q944[生物学—植物学]