养老金的劳动力市场扭曲  

Distortion Effects of Pension on Urban Labor Market

作　　者：程杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所

出　　处：《劳动经济研究》2015年第6期82-116,共35页Studies in Labor Economics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金NSFC-CGIAR项目"人口变化;城乡人口流动与中国的农业与农村发展"(批准号:71361140370)和国家自然科学基金"养老医疗保障对农村中老年人的劳动供给效应"(批准号:71103198)的资助

摘　　要：中国经济体制转轨过程中催生的养老保险制度,对城镇劳动力市场造成了严重的扭曲。利用中国城镇住户调查数据发现,养老金存在两种明显的扭曲效应:一是就业抑制效应,养老金激励使尚处在劳动年龄的人口更早退出劳动力市场,养老金覆盖导致劳动参与率大幅下降,劳动供给时间也有所减少;二是工资抑制效应,养老金作为一种经济补偿干扰了工资形成机制,倾向于压低市场均衡工资,被养老金覆盖使劳动者的小时工资明显下降。规范养老保险制度能够促进劳动力市场发展,矫正劳动力市场扭曲,有助于提高劳动参与率和潜在经济增长率,同时不牺牲甚至提高劳动者的工资福利,养老保险基金平衡也得以改善,一项改革能够获取多重红利。养老保险制度改革关系到劳动力市场和经济可持续发展,首要任务是消除劳动力市场和经济效率的扭曲,关键目标是要建立与劳动力市场和市场经济相适应的制度体系。Pension system under the background of China's economic system transition had severe distorting effects on urban labor market.Using the national urban household survey data,we find that pension has two kinds of obvious distortion effects.One is restraint effect on employment.Pension stimulates the working-age population quitting earlier from labor market,leading to a sharp decline of labor participation rate.The other one is restraint effect on wage.As a kind of compensation income,pension interferes with the wage forming mechanism and drives down the market's equilibrium wage,leading to a remarkable decline of hourly wage.Reforming the pension system will be able to promote the development and eliminate the distortion of labor market,will improve the labor participation rate and potential economic growth rate without sacrificing workers' welfare,and will balance the pension fund.Indeed,the reform of pension system will be able to obtain multiple dividends and it is related to sustainable development of labor market and economy.The primary task of the reform is to eliminate the distortions in labor market and economic efficiency,and its key goal is to build a system compatible to labor market and market-oriented economy.

关 键 词：养老金 劳动力市场 就业抑制 工资抑制 

分 类 号：F249.2[经济管理—劳动经济] F842.67[经济管理—国民经济]