基于随机预言模型的量子仲裁签名方案安全性分析  

Security Analysis for Arbitrated Quantum Signature Scheme based on Random Oracle Model

作　　者：雷奇[1] 尚涛[1] 刘建伟[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,北京100083

出　　处：《密码学报》2016年第6期619-628,共10页Journal of Cryptologic Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(61571024);国家自然科学基金项目(61272501);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1000307-1)

摘　　要：量子密码协议的安全性分析是量子密码学中一个重要的研究方向.随机预言(Random Oracle,RO)模型作为经典密码学中密码协议分析的有效工具,在量子密码学中的有效性是值得探讨的研究问题.目前,量子密码协议仍然缺少通用的分析方法.本文选取了基于非正交量子态的量子仲裁签名方案作为分析对象,来说明基于随机预言模型的安全性分析方法的有效性.其中,量子仲裁签名方案采用了非正交量子比特传输信息来保证共享密钥的无条件安全,并运用了经典密码学中常用的哈希函数鉴别消息的完整性.针对量子仲裁签名方案的特点,本文选择了不可克隆原理作为可证明安全的难解问题.此分析方法运用了"无偏见选择基"(unbiased chosen basis,UCB)假设来分析量子仲裁签名方案的可证明安全.相较经典密码学的计算难解性,量子的物理性质更能保证安全.安全证明过程中设置了不同的敌手提问,用来模拟敌手的攻击能力,如攻击经典信道的能力、攻击共享密钥的能力、伪造签名的能力等,从而更全面地分析协议的安全性.量子仲裁签名方案的安全性分析表明随机预言模型在量子密码协议分析方面的有效性.The security analysis of quantum cryptographic protocol is an important research direction in quantum cryptography. Considering random oracle model is an effective tool of cryptographic protocol analysis in classical cryptography, it is attractive to apply random oracle to quantum cryptography. Till now, quantum cryptographic protocols still lack general analysis tools. In this paper, we attempt to apply classical random oracle model to the security analysis of an arbitrated quantum signature scheme that is based on non-orthogonal quantum states, which implies the effectiveness of the analysis method based on random oracle model. Concretely, the arbitrated quantum signature uses non-orthogonal quantum states to guarantee the unconditional security of shared keys and cryptographic hash function to ensure integrity of the message. For the feature of arbitrated quantum signature scheme, non-cloning theorem is chosen to be the underlying hard problem for reduction to analyze the non-orthogonal quantum states based quantum signature scheme. The Unbiased Chosen Basis(UCB) assumption is used to analyze the provable security of the arbitrated quantum signature schemes. Compared with computational hard problems for classical cryptography, physical property of quantum mechanics can provide better security. In the procedure of security proof, different kinds of query is defined to model the attack capability of adversary, such as channel attack, secret key attack and forgery attack. Security analysis of arbitrated quantum signature scheme shows the effectiveness of random oracle model to quantum cryptographic protocol analysis.

关 键 词：安全性分析 量子仲裁签名方案 随机预言 不可克隆原理 

分 类 号：TN918.4[电子电信—通信与信息系统]