比特币与法定数字货币  

Bitcoin and Digital Fiat Currency

作　　者：秦波[1] 陈李昌豪 伍前红[2] 张一锋 钟林 郑海彬 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学信息学院,北京100872 [2]北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,北京100191 [3]中钞信用卡产业发展有限公司北京智能卡技术研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《密码学报》2017年第2期176-186,共11页Journal of Cryptologic Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(61672083;61370190;61472429);国家自然科学基金重点项目(61532021)

摘　　要：比特币是一种开放的密码货币,它的诞生与流通标志着以信息产生与流动为特征的互联网络加速迈入以价值产生与转移为特征的价值互联网新时代.本文首先综述比特币的发展、体系架构,分析比特币在无信任环境下利用现代密码学方法在去中介、去中心化、公开可验证和点对点支付等方面的技术优势,以及比特币对法定货币的冲击.在分析比特币研究与应用基础上,指出比特币系统资源浪费严重、可扩展性差、吞吐率低、交易延迟过长、缺少系统级安全论证、隐私保护不足、难以审计监管从而带来金融犯罪等诸多方面的问题.最后,面向法定数字货币设计需求,论文探讨吸收类比特币数字货币的技术优势,发展和创新现代密码理论与技术,解决法定数字货币设计面临的技术挑战,调和便利性需求和安全性需求之间的功能性冲突,解决隐私保护、金融情报机密性需求,与安全审计、监管、追踪、打击违法犯罪活动需求之间的技术性冲突,从而保障货币政策的有效运行和传导,确保法定机构对货币主权的控制.The emergence and circulation of Bitcoin, an open cryptocurrency, indicates that the Internet characterized by information generation and mobility is entering a new era of Internet of values, featured with value generation and transfer. This paper first surveys the development and architecture of Bitcoin, discusses the technical advantages in point-to-point payment achieving public verifiability and safe transaction based onmodern cryptographic technologies in the absence of trust, mediation and centralized authority, and explores the impact of Bitcoin on fiat currencies. By analyzing the research and application of Bitcoin, this paper identifies its deficiencies of resource waste, poor scalability, low throughput, long transaction latency, unresolved security, privacy leakage risk, tool for extortion and money laundering free from governmental audit and supervision and so on. Finally, oriented by digital fiat currency, by incorporating the advantages of Bitcoin like cryptocurrencies and innovating the modern cryptography theory and technology, this paper discusses the technical challenges in developing digital fiat currency, consisting of reconciling the convenience demand and the safety requirement, balancing between the privacy protection, financial intelligence confidentiality needs, and audit, supervision, forensics of monetary crimes, so as to ensure the effective operation and transmission of the monetary policies, and the statutory control of monetary sovereignty.

关 键 词：密码货币 比特币 区块链 法定数字货币 

分 类 号：TP309.7[自动化与计算机技术—计算机系统结构]