不"、"没(有)"的用法及其所受的时间制约  

The Usage of "Bu" and "Meiyou" and Time Restriction

作　　者：李铁根[1] 

机构地区：[1]梨花女子大学中语中文系

出　　处：《汉语学习》2003年第2期1-7,共7页Chinese Language Learning

摘　　要：本文对"不"、"没(有)"的否定意义和用法重新进行梳理阐释。"不"的否定用法可概括为两种:认定性否定和叙述性否定。认定性否定具有泛时性,不受时间制约;而叙述性否定不具有泛时性,"不"的使用严格受到时间的制约,与"没"形成互补分布。"不"的叙述性否定用法有两种:1.否定绝对未然句;2.否定相对后时句。"没"的否定用法也可分为两种:绝对时用法和相对时用法。在相对时间句中,"没有"可以用来否定已然前时句和未然前时句。"不"和"没"都具有明显的时间性特征。绝对时和相对时的区分有助于我们正确认识"不"和"没"的时间特征及其否定意义,也有助于解释某些相关的语法现象。This article further explains the negative function and the usage of 'Bu' and 'Meiyou'. The author holds that there are generrally two negative usages of 'Bu': the judgement negation and the narrative negation. The former expresses general and unspecific time, while the latter expresses restricted and specific time. Therefore, 'Bu'and 'Meiyou' often form complementary pair. The usages of the narrative negation about 'Bu' include two respects: 1.'Bu' negates the absolute sentence that will be done; 2.'Bu' negates the posttime sentence in relative tense. The negative functions of 'Meiyou' include absolute tense and relative tense. In the sentence of relative tense, 'Meiyou' may negate the pretime sentence that have been done or will be done. 'Bu'and 'Meiyou' both possess obvious time features. The distinction of absolute tense and relative tense will contribute to the understanding of time features and negative functions of 'Bu'and 'Meiyou', and to the explanation of some relative syntax phenomenons.

关 键 词：“不” “没(有)” 用法 时间制约 认定性否定 叙述性否定 绝对时 相对时 已然 未然 前时 后时 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]