根区水质模型在黄土高原旱区冬小麦氮肥管理中的适用性分析  

Suitability analysis of nitrogen fertilizer management on dryland of Loess Plateau based on root zone water quality model

作　　者：丁奠元[1,2] 赵英[2,3] 孙本华[2,3] 何建强[1,2] 冯浩[1,2,4] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,杨凌712100 [4]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2015年第23期111-121,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家863计划项目(2013AA102904);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室主任基金(K318009902-1427);"111"项目(B12007)

摘　　要：为利用作物模型模拟寻找田间尺度上合理的氮肥管理措施,该研究利用黄土高原旱区多年冬小麦-春玉米轮作试验(2004-2011)和两年冬小麦施肥试验(2010-2012)对根区水质模型(root zone water quality model-version 2,RZWQM2)进行率定和验证,验证该模型在当地的适用性;并结合当地56 a历史气象数据,利用模型模拟研究旱区冬小麦在不同降水年型下最佳氮肥管理模式。结果表明RZWQM2在不同降水年型下均可以较好地模拟黄土高原旱区作物生长发育、产量指标和土壤水分的动态变化,并且能够较好地模拟不同施肥方式下冬小麦的产量和氮素指标;黄土高原旱区120~150 kg/hm^2(以N计)的底肥基本可以满足不同降雨年型下冬小麦稳产高产的需要;冬小麦单次追肥的最佳追肥时期为返青期至拔节期;在90 kg/hm^2底施氮肥的基础上,丰水年54~72 kg/hm^2的追氮量,平水年36~54 kg/hm^2的追氮量,干旱年18~36 kg/hm^2的追氮量,不但可以满足冬小麦高产的要求,并且维持氮素收获指数在较高水平。Luxurious and improper application of nitrogen (N) is an obvious problem on the Loess Plateau. Employing a crop model to explore an optimal N fertilizer management for local farmers is an effective research method. In the present study, we firstly selected a continuous eight-year winter wheat-spring maize experiment (from 2004 to 2011) and a two-year winter wheat N fertilizer experiment (from 2010 to 2012) to calibrate and validate root zone water quality model (version 2, RZWQM2) aiming to assess the adaptability of this model on the Loess Plateau. We set up the following 8 scenarios of N application rate of base fertilizer for winter wheat in the RZWQM2:0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 kg/hm2 aiming to search for proper N application rate of the base fertilizer. Based on the proper N application rate (90 kg/hm2 in this study) of base fertilizer, we also set up the following 5 scenarios of N application rate with the ratio of base to topdressing in the RZWQM2:5:1, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4 and 5:5 in wheat turning green, jointing and heading stages, respectively. In this way, we aimed to search for the best N topdressing stage and the proper N topdressing rate for winter wheat. The calibrated and validated RZWQM2 was used to characterize the respond of winter wheat yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N uptake of grain and N harvest index to the different N application rates and timings based on the long historical meteorological data (from 1956 to 2012). The results demonstrated the capability of the RZWQM2 to efficiently simulate crop growth, water movement (100 cm depth), and final crop yield in the different rainfall year on the Loess Plateau;meanwhile, RZWQM2 effectively simulated the yield and N uptake of winter wheat under different N application method. Both of the results provided a solid basis for the application of RZWQM2 to study the N fertilizer management on the Loess Plateau. In the simulations, the wheat yield, WUE and N uptake of grain increased fast before the base N fertilizer of 90 kg/hm2 and slowly af

关 键 词：模型 作物 氮 RZWQM 旱区 降雨年型 冬小麦 施肥方式 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]