核科学百年讲座 第三讲 核能与核武器  

Nuclear science in the 20th century --nuclear energy and nuclear weapons

作　　者：郑春开[1] 许甫荣[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学物理学院技术物理系,北京100871

出　　处：《物理》2003年第6期391-397,共7页Physics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金 (批准号 :10 0 75 0 70 )资助项目

摘　　要：核能有两个最具影响的应用 :一是它的和平利用———核电 (第四讲介绍 ) ,另一是它的军事应用———核武器 .文章将介绍核能和核武器基本原理以及核燃料生产方法 .首先简要介绍核裂变能与聚变能 ;然后比较详细地说明原子弹的基本原理 ,包括中子增殖、自持裂变链式反应条件、临界质量和两种形式原子弹的结构原理等 ,对于氢弹、中子弹的原理仅作简单介绍 ;最后 ,对核燃料的生产 :铀同位素分离和钚 - 2 39的反应堆生产作了原理性的介绍 .Nuclear energy has had two most significant applications, nuclear power and nuclear weapons. In this paper we describe the basic mechanisms of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, and the manufacture of nuclear fuels. Fission and fusion are the two most important nuclear processes for generating nuclear energy and both have been used to make nuclear weapons. The basic physical factors involved in nuclear weapons include neutron multiplication, self-continuity of the fission chain reaction, critical mass and the structure of the nuclear bombs. For hydrogen and neutron bombs we only give brief reviews. As important aspects in nuclear weapon manufactrue, uranium isotope separation and 239Pu production by reactors are reviewed.

关 键 词：核能 核武器 核燃料 核裂变能 核聚变能 原子弹 生产方法 基本原理 中子弹 氢弹 核电 

分 类 号：TJ91[兵器科学与技术—武器系统与运用工程]