新中国成立前夕苏联对华政策剖析——以苏联将使馆由南京撤至广州事件为中心  

An Analysis of the Soviet Union's China Policy on the Eve of the Founding of the PRC ——A Case Study of the Withdrawal of the Soviet Embassy from Nanjing to Guangzhou

作　　者：栾景河[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所中外关系史研究室,100006

出　　处：《当代中国史研究》2003年第2期100-109,共10页Contemporary China History Studies

摘　　要：1949年1～2月间,在中国革命即将取得全面胜利之际,苏联驻华使馆却令人吃惊地追随正在逃亡的国民党政府由南京迁至广州。有关苏联驻华使馆撤离南京的真正用意,是史学界长期以来关注的焦点,同时也是部分研究成果论证苏联、斯大林本人怀疑中国革命说法的基础。实际上,苏联驻华使馆撤离事件是苏联方面采取历史上惯用的双重对华政策的必然结果,既不是苏联方面对中国革命的进程判断失误,也不是苏联方面坚持了不干涉中国内政的原则。相反,在意识形态(革命利益)和国家利益之间发生冲突的时候,苏联方面首先选择的是自身国家利益。苏联驻华使馆在新中国成立前的撤退,符合苏联的国家利益.最大限度地保护了苏联在华的政治和经济利益。客观地看,苏联驻华使馆由南京撤至广州作为外交手段捍卫国家利益本无可厚非,但从联共(布)和中共共同的革命利益出发,上述做法显然欠妥。In January and February 1949, when the Chinese revolution was on the cusp of total victory, to people's astonishment the Soviet Union withdrew its embassy in China from Nanjing to Guangzhou when the KMT government fled there. For some time scholars have been intensely interested in the true intentions behind the shift of the Soviet embassy; the withdrawal has also formed the basis for claims that the Soviet Union and Stalin were skeptical of the Chinese revolution. The Soviet Union's withdrawal of its embassy was the inevitable result of its dual-track China policy, not merely an error of judgment in the Soviet's assessment of the Chinese revolution. On the contrary, when ideology (or revolutionary interests) clashed with national interests, the Soviet U-nion put its own national interests first. Withdrawing the embassy suited the Soviet Union's national interests-protecting the Soviet Union's political and economic interests in China to the maximum extent possible. Objectively, the withdrawal of the Soviet embassy from Nanjing to Guangzhou did, as a diplomatic maneuver, protect Soviet national interests. But in terms of the shared revolutionary interests of the Soviet Communist Party and Chinese Communist Party, it was clearly inappropriate.

关 键 词：中国 苏联 对华政策 中苏关系 使馆撤离事件 外交史 意识形态 国家利益 革命利益 苏联共产党 中国共产党 

分 类 号：D829[政治法律—政治学]