水盾草在中国的分布特点和入侵途径  

The distribution characteristics and invasive route of Cabomba caroliniana in China

作　　者：丁炳扬[1] 于明坚[1] 金孝锋[1] 俞建[1] 姜维梅[1] 董柯锋 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学生命科学学院,杭州310012 [2]浙江萧山中学,杭州311200

出　　处：《生物多样性》2003年第3期223-230,共8页Biodiversity Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目 (编号 :3 9970 14 5 );国家重点基础研究发展规划项目 (课题编号 :G2 0 0 0 0 4680 3 )

摘　　要：水盾草 (Cabombacaroliniana)是原产南、北美洲的水生植物 ,近年来在野外调查中发现它在中国已经成为归化植物。通过华东、华南和华中地区的实地考察 ,调查点共 30 0多个 ,覆盖我国东南沿海及华中 10省 (市、区 ) 80多个县 (市 )。结果发现有水盾草分布的点 6 7个。目前水盾草在中国分布于浙江北部的杭嘉湖平原和宁绍平原、江苏南部的太湖流域及上海西部的淀山湖附近的河网地带。从地理纬度上看 ,自 2 9°33′7″N(建德梅城 )至 31°35′2″N(常熟昆承湖 ) ;主要的水域类型为一些水流缓慢、水位稳定的小河道和中小型湖泊。在水盾草所处的沉水植物群落中 ,共调查到大型沉水植物 8科 18属 2 1种 ,常见种为苦草 (Vallisnerianatans)、金鱼藻 (Ceratophyllumdemer sum)、黑藻 (Hydrillaverticillata)、菹草 (Potamogetoncrispus) ,这些也是浙北、苏南地区水域主要的水生植物。根据水盾草与各个种的种间相遇百分率来看 ,金鱼藻最高 ,为 5 1.33% ,其次为苦草、黑藻和菹草 ,分别为 4 5 .0 5 %、36 .5 6 %、35 .6 4 %。可见相对其他水生植物群落而言 ,由这些种所组成的水生植物群落更易为水盾草所侵入。从各个分布点水盾草所处状态来看 ,有些点的水盾草已成为群落的优势种 ,有的刚刚定居 ,还有的则仍处于零星漂?Cabomba caroliniana is a perennial aquatic plant which was originally distributed in North and South America. During investigation in wild fields, it has been found to be a naturalized species. Many actual surveys have been carried out in eastern, southern and central China, including over 300 investigation plots in more than 80 counties (cities) of 10 provinces (municipalities). The results showed that 67 spots had cabomba. At present, the distribution of cabomba in China is restricted to networks of rivers and small lakes in the Hangjiahu Plain (N. Zhejiang), the Ningshao Plain (N.Zhejiang), the drainage area of Taihu Lake (S. Jiangsu), and Diangshanhu (W. Shanghai), with the range of latitude from 29°33′7″ N to 31°35′2″ N. C. caroliniana often occurs in small rivers and lakes whereever the main water bodies are fit for its habitation. Considering that its seeds lack mature embryos and the fronds are susceptible to dehydration, cabomba was probably introduced as an aquarium ornamental plant into China and then escaped. There are 21 species of aquatic plants, belonging to 18 genera and 8 families, in water bodies inhabited by cabomba, and most of plants co existing with cabomba are Ceratophyllum demersum (percentage of co appearance, PC =51.33%), Vallisneria natans ( PC =45.05%), Hydrilla verticillata ( PC =36.56%) and Potamogeton crispus ( PC =35.64%), which implies communities with these plants are easily invaded by cabomba. Cabomba is the dominant species in some investigation spots, while other populations are just beginning to be established, indicating that cabomba is now dispersing further. Considering the similarity of environment and climate of its native place, cabomba could be capable of spreading over a large range in China. If we do not bear the fast painful lessons produced by the Eichhornia crassipes in mind, we will surely repeat the same mistake.

关 键 词：水盾草 中国 分布特点 入侵途径 分布范围 共存植物 水域类型 水生植物 莼菜科 

分 类 号：S451[农业科学—植物保护]