从焦点理论看句尾“的”的句法语义功能  

On the syntactic and semantic function of de in the sentence final position: from a viewpoint of the modern focus theory

作　　者：袁毓林[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,100871

出　　处：《中国语文》2003年第1期3-16,共14页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金(02BYY033)

摘　　要：本文运用焦点理论和非单调逻辑的有关观念和方法,通过分析包含句尾"的"的事态句在语义结构上的特点,进而揭示句尾"的"的句法功能是名词化、语义功能是自指、语用功能是表示确认语气。首先,建立事态句的各种格式之间的推导关系,分析不同格式的事态句在焦点结构和焦点类型上的差别,并以此来解释不同格式的事态句在构造方式和语义表达方面的差别。接着,讨论句尾"的"跟名词化标记"的"在语义指称类型上的同异,通过刻划"的"字结构的逻辑性质来揭示:所谓的转指标记、自指标记和传信标记的"的",在句法、语义功能上具有相关性和一致性。然后,用非单调的观念来分析事态句在时体特征和句式意义上的不一致性,用预设的动态求解来解释事态句的已然义和未然义之间的关系;通过揭示事态句中的认定焦点具有对比性、排他性的语义特征,来解释事态句何以能表示确认意义,为什么不是所有的事件句都能转换为事态句;并用缺省表达跟标记表达的对立,来说明事态句的确认义、确信义和确询义之间的关系。This paper applies some notions and methods of modern focus theory and non-monotonic logic to the analysis of the state-of-affairs sentences containing the particle de in their final position (briefly, de-m), and reaches the following conclusions: (i) the syntactic function of de-m is nominalization, (ii) the semantic function of de-m is self-designation, (iii) the pragmatic function of de-m is expressing emphatic modality through changing the focus structure of the corresponding event sentence. Firstly, it constructs the derivational relation between the various syntactic forms of the state-of-affairs sentences, analyses their differences in focus structure and focus type. Secondly, it discusses the referential character of de -construction, and argues that the so-called transferred-designation marker de (briefly, de-t), self-designation marker de (briefly, de-s) and evidentiality marker de (i.e. , de-m) hold the same syntactic and semantic function. Thirdly, it applies the notion of non-monotonity and the theory of dynamic resolution of presupposition to the analysis of the inconsistency of tense-aspect features and construction meaning between the various forms of the state-of-affairs sentences, especially, the default forms vs. marked forms.

关 键 词：焦点理论 “的”字结构 非单调逻辑 事件句 事态句 转指标记 自指标记 传信标记 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]