菲尔德斯半岛潮间带生物生态学的研究  

ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS OF THE FILDES PENINSULA

作　　者：杨宗岱[1] 黄凤鹏[2] 吴宝铃[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院海洋研究所,青岛266071 [2]国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,青岛266003

出　　处：《南极研究》1992年第4期74-83,共10页

摘　　要：198 7年 1 1月 - 1 989年 3月我们连续跨年度在菲尔德斯半岛潮间带 -浅海区域系统地进行了生态学考察 ,获得了宝贵的第一手资料。在生物组成及其生态分布的研究中 ,我们分别选择了长城湾、马尔什基地、生物湾、阿德雷岛、半三角及无名岛进行定期观察、取样 ,它们分别代表了岩石、石砾、泥沙滩、暴浪及隐蔽性内湾等各类生态类型。数量分法的引进是生态学研究中的一大进步 ,使之成为一门精密学科。本文在数量方法的使用中 ,引入了生物量、频度与覆盖度等手段 ,丰富了数量方法的内容。菲尔德斯半岛就象整个南极区域一样 ,其食物网是较为简单的。以黑背海鸥为代表的海鸟和南极鳕 ,南极银鱼等占据了营养级的顶层 ,肉食性的螺类和草食性的帽贝位于中间层次 ,大型底栖与微观浮游藻类构成营养级底层。菲尔德斯半岛习见的微生物种类有黄杆菌、纤维粘细菌、莫拉氏菌等 ,它们是腐食食物网的重要组成部分。菲尔德斯半岛潮间带生物的季节变化一般表现为三种形式。其一是生物群落结构的变化 ;其二是生物分布空间的变化 ;其三是严酷的冬季几乎所有的潮间带生物种类几近绝迹。由于生物季节的短暂与分布空间的狭小 ,生物的种间竞争是相当激烈的。岩相底质的同质性与异质性以及软相底质中的表附与底内生物等不同生态类型 ,Although Antarctic rocky intertidal belt and shallowwater area had been dealt with in numerous publications, but few of them refer to soft substratum.Based on field work carried out during Nov.,1985-Mar.,1986,intertidal ecosystems in gravel beach of Great Wall Bay and exposed rocky shores of Marsh Base(62°12′S,58°55′W),the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica are described and studied in this paper. Species composition, ecological distribution, biomass, and density are described and their probable ecological role in the population structure and dynamics of intertidal communities discussed. Great Wall Bay and Marsh Base are situated at King George Island and about two kilometers apart. The temperature there is rather varied, the monthly mean for February is about 1.5℃, while that for August is about -7.8℃. The tides are of irregular semidiurnal types,with a tidal range of not over 2.02 meters usually. The survey method involved the use of both biomass and density using field quadrat (50×50). Two randomly selected intertidal transects were studied. A station was set every xmeters along the transect and a nondestructive method was used to evaluate the community. The degree of dominance was measured in every station. The supralittoral zone is extremely poor in organisms. only Capitella exists. The thick crust of ice covering the surface of the sea for 8-9 months each year changes into a stabilized brackish or freshwater layer when the thawsets in, and makes the tidal zone nearly impossible as a permanent habitat for plants and animals. Here ice and cold are the 'controlling factors' and out-weighs all other factors. Toward the littoral the increase of marine species becomes more gradual. The supralittoral fringe, is characterized by a green belt of Urospora penicilliformis and Ulothrix sp. Porphyra endiviifolium,Enteromorpha bulbosa, Spongomorpha arcta and yellow lichens are also found in this belt. Nacella concinna was the dominant s

关 键 词：生态分布 菲尔德斯半岛 食肉目 

分 类 号：Q958.885.3[生物学—动物学]