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作 者:张卫中[1]
机构地区:[1]浙江大学城市学院新闻与传播学系,浙江杭州310015
出 处:《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2003年第5期122-129,共8页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基 金:浙江大学曙光计划青年项目(205000-584104)
摘 要:在商代和西周,祭祀一直处于政治的中心。到了春秋时期,祭祀依然在政治传播中扮演着非常重要的角色,依然为政治家们所重视。但是长期以来,祭祀权与王权合一的局面被打破,祭祀权作为权力的象征正面临着名不副实的危机。与商代、西周相比,祭祀已丧失了昔日的尊严和威仪,无可奈何地走向了没落。西周以来为严格等级宗法制度而设的祭礼,在春秋时期处处显得不合时宜。祭祀一方面为政治所需要,另一方面又与政治相矛盾。由此,祭祀在春秋时期出现了比较混乱的局面:有时传达政治的意义,有时传达个人的意志,有时甚至徒具形式,没有多少实际意义。祭祀的政治传播功能在逐渐地丧失,并由政治的中心走向政治的边缘。In the Shang Dynasty people only obeyed the will of ghosts and gods. Holding the power of the sacrifice as an important medium to communicate between people and gods means holding the politics of the nation. The sacrifice became more standardized and institutionalized in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its power had its strict differentiation in social strata. The sacrifice thus became the tool to consolidate the strata at that time. Up to the Spring and Autumn Period, it continued to play an important role in the political communication and politicians still attached importance to it. But as the longterm integration of the power of the sacrifice and the imperial power was broken, the former, as the symbol of the power, existed in name only. In comparison with what it had been during the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, the sacrifice lost its former dignity and awe, being increasingly on the wane. The sacrificial rites established for the strict patriarchal clan system since the Western Zhou Dynasty seemed to be completely out of keeping with the times in the Spring and Autumn Period. The sacrifice was needed by politics on the one hand and conflicted with politics on the other. That is why it was relatively in disorder then. Sometimes, it conveyed political purport, playing a role in stabilizing people and winning popular support. Sometimes, it conveyed personal purport, or even was a mere formality. Masters of ceremony of sacrifices usually were not respected and even often in a real dilemma. What's more, however, some masters of ceremony actually went as far as to violate the sacrificial rites in public. Such a negative attitude towards their profession showed that the sacrifice lost its function of the political communication gradually. In this context, it went from the political center to the political periphery.
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