宪法“私法”适用的法理分析  

The Legal Analysis on the Application of the Constitution as a Private Law

作　　者：刘志刚[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2004年第2期35-49,共15页Chinese Journal of Law

摘　　要：宪法权利原则上不能被当作“私法”适用,其原因是:避免不同性质的宪法权利在被“私”用时产生冲突;宪法权利的公法性质和“领域界定”功能决定了它不适合于私法适用。但是,社会的发展为宪法的“私法”适用提出了内在的要求,主要因素包括:国家职能的结构性转移和承担公共职能的私人团体的出现使私人团体有可能侵犯到公民的宪法权利;立法不作为导致了宪法权利的虚置。在宪法权利的传统定位和现实社会的内在需求冲击下,各国相继出现了宪法“私法”适用的理论及辅助性机制,比较典型的是德国宪法的“第三者效力”理论和美国司法审查中的“国家行为理论”。中国应建构自己的宪法“私法”适用理论及运作机制。Principally, the rights proscribed in the constitution can not be applied as private laws, whose reasons are; first, to avoid the conflicts of the different types of constitutional rights in the private application; second, the public nature and the function of 'defining the scope' of the constitutional rights determine that they do not fit the private application. However, it has raised an inherent requirement of the application of the constitution as a private law by the social development, the main elements of which include: the structural transfer of the state function, as well as the emergence of the private corporations assuming public function, has brought the possibility of the violation of citizens' constitutional rights by the private corporations; the nonfeasance of legislation has results in the establishment of constitutional rights in vain. Under the conflicts of traditional position of constitutional rights and the inherent requirement of actual society, there has gradually come into being the theories and the assistant systems of the application of the constitution as a private law in each countries, the typical of which are the theory of ' Effectiveness on the Third Party' in German constitution, and the theory of 'State Behavior' in American judicial review. China must establish her own theory and operational system of the application of the constitution as a private law.

关 键 词：宪法权利 法理 公法 私法 国家行为 第三者效力 司法审查工作 公共职能 国家职能 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]