长期施肥条件下菜田—蔬菜生态系统变化的研究(Ⅰ)土壤有机质的变化  

Studies on Changes of Field-Vegetable Ecosystem under Long-term Fixed Fertilizer Experiment

作　　者：葛晓光[1] 张恩平[1] 张昕[1] 王晓雪[1] 高慧[1] 

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学园艺学院,沈阳110161

出　　处：《园艺学报》2004年第1期34-38,共5页Acta Horticulturae Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目 ( 3 9970 5 15 )

摘　　要：经过 14 5年的蔬菜长期定位施肥试验 ,土壤有机质含量与品质均发生明显的变化 ,从有机质积累与品质改善的角度 ,通过重施有机肥达到高度培肥的程度 ,需要 10～ 15年 ;有机肥无机氮肥配施的土壤有机质含量高于有机肥单施 ,而长期单施无机氮肥的土壤有机质含量反而降低。对照区有机质含量大致平衡在 19 0g·kg-1上下。有机质的积累速度“露地”快于“设施” ,而对照的有机质下降速度则露地慢于设施 ,有机质年矿化率在 7 0 %～ 11 1%的范围 ,露地平均为 8 6 7% ,设施平均为 9 5 4 %。配施磷、钾肥可以在一定程度上增加土壤有机质含量 ,但必须是以连年施用有机肥为基础。随着有机肥特别是有机无机氮肥配施的年限延长 ,土壤易氧化有机质的含量逐渐增加 ,Kos (有机质的氧化稳定系数 )下降 ;提高了土壤松结态腐殖质含量 ,提高胡敏酸的比例 ;提高胡敏酸的E4/E6值 ,降低土壤胡敏酸的分子量及芳构化程度 ;从而促进土壤腐殖化进程 。After 14 and half years long-term fixed fertilization trial with vegetables,the amount and quality of soil organic matter changed evidently.Soil fertility was highly improved by 10-15 yearsuse of organic manure in the view of organic matter accumulation and quality improvement.The soil organic matter in the combination of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen was higher than that in organic manure only,while in the trial with only inorganic nitrogen the organic matter decreased.The organic matter content in the control plot fluctuated around 19.0 g·kg -1.The accumulation rate of organic matter in open area was quicker than that in protected field,but for the CK was not the case.The yearly mineralization rate of organic matter was between 7.0%-11.1%.The average mineralization rate for open area was 8.67%, while for protected condition was 9.54%.Phosphorous and potassium could increase organic matter content to some extent,but it must be based on application of organic manure.With the extension of fertilization with organic,especially with the combination with organic and inorganic fertilizer,the soil readily oxidizable organic matter increased,while Kos decreased;The soil active humus content, humus acid and E 4/E 6 value were increased,while molecular weight and aromaticity of humus acid were decreased,thus progress to humus formation and quality of organic matter were enhanced.

关 键 词：长期定位施肥 蔬菜生态系统 菜田土壤 土壤有机质 稳定性 土壤腐殖质 土壤肥力 

分 类 号：S63[农业科学—蔬菜学] S153.62[农业科学—园艺学]