“虚假意识”与“匿名权威”:马克思与弗洛姆意识形态批判理论的对话  

“False Consciousness” and “Anonymous Authority”: A Dialogue between Marx and Fromm’s Critical Theory of Ideology

作　　者：宗姝辛 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学哲学社会学院, 吉林 长春

出　　处：《哲学进展》2023年第5期827-833,共7页Advances in Philosophy

摘　　要：意识形态问题是当今时代的一个热点问题,对一个国家、民族的发展前景至关重要。本文立足于马克思主义意识形态理论基本形成的经典文本《德意志意识形态》,分析马克思立足于历史唯物主义,批判青年黑格尔派的思想是一种虚假意识的原因,在于其颠倒了社会存在和社会意识的本末关系,实质是资产阶级的思想统治,并异化性遮蔽了自由和民主。在现代资本主义社会中,“虚假意识”又有了新发展,体现于西方马克思主义学者埃里希·弗洛姆的“匿名权威”理论。“匿名权威”作为一种新型的思想控制手段,表现为利润、常识、舆论等不易察觉的样态,使人们“顺从”与“求同”,造成了自由和资本主义民主政治的异化。“虚假意识”和“匿名权威”存在着对话的可能性空间,弗洛姆作为一个“弗洛伊德式的马克思主义者”,将意识形态与人性、心理相关联,并通过社会性格分析发展了马克思的历史唯物主义。尽管二人共同批判资产阶级的意识形态,但他们解决问题的方式却大有不同,究竟谁更高明?本文通过探析二人意识形态理论的联系,并加以对比,试图说明在当今我国加强社会主义意识形态,坚持中国特色社会主义实践的重要性。The issue of ideology is a hot issue in today’s era, which is crucial to the development prospects of a country and a nation. Based on the classic text “German Ideology”, which is basically formed by Marxist ideological theory, this article analyzes the reason why Marx based himself on historical materialism and criticized the thought of the young Hegelian school as a false consciousness, which lies in its reversal of the fundamental and ultimate relationship between social existence and social consciousness, and its essence is the ideological domination of the bourgeoisie, and its alienation obscures freedom and democracy. In modern capitalist society, “false consciousness” has undergone a new development, reflected in the theory of “anonymous authority” by the Western Marxist scholar Erich Fromm. “Anonymous authority”, as a new means of ideological control, manifests itself in imperceptible patterns such as profit, common sense, and public opinion, making people “comply” and “seek common ground,” resulting in the alienation of freedom and capitalist democratic politics. There is a possibility of dialogue between “false consciousness” and “anonymous authority”. As a “Freudian Marxist”, Fromm associates ideology with human nature and psychology, and develops Marx’s historical materialism through social character analysis. Although the two people jointly criticize the ideology of the bourgeoisie, their ways of solving problems are greatly different. Who is the wiser? This article attempts to illustrate the importance of strengthening socialist ideology and adhering to the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in China today by analyzing and comparing the relationship between their ideological theories.

关 键 词：虚假意识 匿名权威 弗洛姆 马克思 意识形态批判 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]