刑事诉讼中的司法鉴定启动权初探——从权利配置重构角度思考  

A Preliminary Study on the Starting Right of Judicial Appraisal in Criminal Proceedings—Thinking from the Angle of Right Allocation and Reconstruction

作　　者：景居峰 

机构地区：[1]青岛大学,山东 青岛

出　　处：《争议解决》2022年第3期740-745,共6页Dispute Settlement

摘　　要：在刑事诉讼之中,一套平等公正高效监督的启动权制度是保障鉴定意见客观合理合法和公开公正的必要条件,进而保证刑事诉讼的两大目标惩治犯罪和保障人权能够实现。由谁启动鉴定是整个刑事司法鉴定制度的核心,它不仅体现出保障人权的内在要求,它也是由国家的刑事司法制度和诉讼构造所决定的。司法鉴定的启动由办案机关独自决定,或者允许当事人自行决定,或者兼而有之,在不同法系国家的司法制度中有不一样的上层设计。不同国家的鉴定启动制度均受制于本国的诉讼制度和证据制度,而且诉讼制度起决定性作用。大陆法系国家实行职权主义的诉讼构造,鉴定启动权属于职能部门的权力,这意味着办案机关在办理案件时,在满足鉴定条件时可以利用内设的鉴定机构进行鉴定,享有启动鉴定的自主权。英美法系国家实行当事人主义的诉讼构造,诉讼程序主要由当事人推动。启动鉴定作为当事人的诉讼权利,由当事人自由行使,鉴定人被纳入了证人的范畴,属于专家证人。司法鉴定的启动权制度主要涉及司法鉴定的申请权、决定权、选择权、救济权等内容。根据我国刑事诉讼法的规定,我国三大部门均享有自主启动鉴定的权力,当事人在侦查、起诉阶段、审判阶段,仅仅享有不服鉴定结论而申请补充鉴定和重新鉴定的权利,不享有鉴定的申请权。In criminal proceedings, a set of equal, fair and efficient supervision of the starting right sys-tem is the necessary condition to ensure the objective, reasonable and legal appraisal opinions and open and fair, so as to ensure that the two major objectives of criminal proceedings to punish crimes and protect human rights can be realized. Who initiates the appraisal is the core of the whole crim-inal judicial appraisal system. It not only reflects the inherent requirement of protecting human rights, but also is determined by the criminal judicial system and the structure of litigation. The ini-tiation of judicial appraisal is decided by the case handling organ alone, or the parties are allowed to make their own decisions, or both. In the judicial systems of countries with different legal systems, there are different upper levels of design. The appraisal initiation system of different countries is subject to their own litigation system and evidence system, and the litigation system plays a deci-sive role. The civil law system countries practice the litigation structure of authority doctrine, and the right to initiate appraisal belongs to the power of functional departments, which means that the case handling organs can make use of the internal appraisal institutions when the appraisal condi-tions are met, and enjoy the autonomy to initiate appraisal. The common law system countries carry out the litigant doctrine litigation structure, whose litigation procedure is mainly promoted by liti-gants. As the litigant’s litigation right, the litigant can exercise it freely, and the expert witness is in-cluded in the category of witness and belongs to expert witness. The system of starting right of judi-cial appraisal mainly involves the application right, decision right, option and remedy right of judi-cial appraisal. According to the regulations of criminal procedure law in China, China’s three major departments all enjoy independent power to start identification. In the investigation, prosecution stage and trial st

关 键 词：刑事诉讼司法鉴定 启动权 权利配置 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]