Nanostage Alloying of Metals in Liquid Phase  

作　　者：Deblina Roy Tarasankar Pal Deblina Roy;Tarasankar Pal(Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India;Department of Chemical Sciences, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa)

机构地区：[1]Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India [2]Department of Chemical Sciences, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

出　　处：《Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science》2021年第1期105-140,共36页化学工程与科学期刊（英文）

摘　　要：Alloying of metals is known from antiquity. Alloy making <em>i.e.</em>, homogenizing metals started in a “hit-or-miss” way. The 1</span>^{<span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span>}<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> alloy from copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) was produced around 2500 BC and from then Bronze Age began. Subsequently iron (Fe) age started after the Bronze Age. Aluminium (Al) alloying was discovered much later because pure Al could not be recovered easily even though Al is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. Refining of Al is a very difficult job because of its strong affinity towards oxygen. To ease alloying, melting points (mp) of the individual constituents and reactivity of metal towards oxygen were the hurdles. Now understanding the thermodynamics of metal mixing has paved alloying. Periodic properties of elements concerning size, electronegativity, crystal structure, valency, lattice spacing, etc. are considered for alloying. In this feature article, more emphasis is given to Hume-Rothery rules in which the necessary parameters for alloying have been illustrated. Importantly standard electrode potential (E</span>^{<span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span>}<span style="font-family:Verdana;">) values, eutectic, phase diagram, size-related strain in metals, etc. have been looked into in the present discussion. One elegant example is Sn-Pb alloy, known as soft solder. Soft solder was in use for many years to connect metals and in electric circuitry. Low melting, flowability, and conductivity of soft solder had placed Sn-Pb alloy a unique position in industries, laboratories and even in cottage industries. However, toxic Pb volatilizes during soldering and hence soft solder is banned almost in all countries. We felt the need for a viable alternative to obtain soldering material and then silver (Ag) based highly conducting, an eco-friendly alloy of Sn resulted in from a high boiling liquid. The discovery engenders not only a new conducting soldering alloy but also a new cAlloying of metals is known from antiquity. Alloy making <em>i.e.</em>, homogenizing metals started in a “hit-or-miss” way. The 1</span>^{<span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span>}<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> alloy from copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) was produced around 2500 BC and from then Bronze Age began. Subsequently iron (Fe) age started after the Bronze Age. Aluminium (Al) alloying was discovered much later because pure Al could not be recovered easily even though Al is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. Refining of Al is a very difficult job because of its strong affinity towards oxygen. To ease alloying, melting points (mp) of the individual constituents and reactivity of metal towards oxygen were the hurdles. Now understanding the thermodynamics of metal mixing has paved alloying. Periodic properties of elements concerning size, electronegativity, crystal structure, valency, lattice spacing, etc. are considered for alloying. In this feature article, more emphasis is given to Hume-Rothery rules in which the necessary parameters for alloying have been illustrated. Importantly standard electrode potential (E</span>^{<span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span>}<span style="font-family:Verdana;">) values, eutectic, phase diagram, size-related strain in metals, etc. have been looked into in the present discussion. One elegant example is Sn-Pb alloy, known as soft solder. Soft solder was in use for many years to connect metals and in electric circuitry. Low melting, flowability, and conductivity of soft solder had placed Sn-Pb alloy a unique position in industries, laboratories and even in cottage industries. However, toxic Pb volatilizes during soldering and hence soft solder is banned almost in all countries. We felt the need for a viable alternative to obtain soldering material and then silver (Ag) based highly conducting, an eco-friendly alloy of Sn resulted in from a high boiling liquid. The discovery engenders not only a new conducting soldering alloy but also a new c

关 键 词：Alloy Nanoparticles Hume-Rothery Rules Oriented Attachment Ostwald Ripening Digestive Ripening Galvanic Replacement Reaction Kirkendall Effect Silicone Oil High Entropy Alloys 

分 类 号：TG1[金属学及工艺—金属学]