co-financed by Funda?ao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia(FCT);the European Regional Development Fund(FEDER)through Portugal 2020 Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Programme(POCI),reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030250 and PTDC/ASP-SIL/30250/2017-TOPDEVIL;the R&D Unit Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People and the Planet(CFE),with reference UIDB/04004/2020,financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds(PIDDAC);FCT/MCTES also funded L.P.S.with contract CEECIND/02064/2017。
Providing nest-boxes as surrogate tree cavities can be of great importance to increase the breeding populations of cavity-nesting birds in managed forests.However,the exact placement of nest-boxes should be taken into...