supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under Grant 2020A1515010773;the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province under Grant 2019B090912001.
The study of series–parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs)has become a research hotspot in new energy vehicles.The global optimal Pareto solutions of energy management strategy(EMS)play a crucial role in th...