Temporally consistent individual differences in behavior, also known as animal personality, can have large impacts on individual fitness. Here, we explore the degree to which individual differences in anti-predator re...
The study was supported by the Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China (31000175), the Grant-In-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS: P09103) and the Kiriyama Foundation of Ja-pan. We are grateful to the Choshikei Monkey Park and Jigo-kudani Monkey Park for granting permission to carry out this research, special thanks to Mr. Eishi Tokida for his kind aids in our study. We thank Dr. Andrew J. Macintosh for reading and commenting on a previous draft of this manuscript. We thank all members of the Anthropology Department, Sun Yat-sen University, China and the Social Ecology Department at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, for their helpful comments on this research. The research and care of the monkeys under study abides by the national and institu- tional guidelines for the care and management of primates established by the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univer- sity, Japan.
Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups o...