supported by The Project of“20 Items of University”of Jinan(Grant No.202228078);Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023KJ107);Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn201812085);National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51903102,Grant No.52376063,Grant No.52302256);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023MD744223).
Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis(RED)technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis.One key challenge is to improve the output power densi...