This research was funded by Coordenac¸~ao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nı´vel Superior-CAPES/Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria-EMBRAPA(15/2014);who provided grants to J.C.V.,and by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı´fico e Tecnologico-CNPq(400435/2014-4)through the PVE 2014 Project.
Males can control female reproduction using genital plugs to impede access by rivals.In social bees,ants,and wasps,plugging may involve traumatic mating,with females being harmed.In stingless bees,chances are that plu...