supported by grants fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(41972009,41572017,41102012,41672009,41772010,41621003,41890844,and 41911530236 to Q.O.,D.S.,J.H.,and Z.Z.);the Chinese“111”project(B20011 to Q.O.);the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2010ZY07,2011YXL013,and 2012097 to Q.O.);the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of the Ministry of Education(NCET-13-1008 to Q.O.);the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(CHN1164230 HFST-P to Q.O.);the German Research Foundation(DFG,Ma 4147/3-1 toG.M.);the Strategic Priority Research Programof Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB26000000 to J.H.).
Cnidarians diverged very early in animal evolution;therefore,investigations of the morphology and trophic levels of early fossil cnidarians may provide critical insights into the evolution of metazoans and the origin ...