A game model is usually decided by three factors:players,strategies and pay-off functions.It’s easier to define the players and their strategies than their pay-off functions.Mostly,the pay-off functions need to be es...
Financial risk is ascribed to stochastic walk of returns. We find that the returns of stock markets don’t follow stochastic walk, so it is imperfect to measure the risk with variance.The paper analyzes the return ser...