从道德批评到历史认识——宋至清关于三国正统书写者的评论转向  

From Moral Criticism to Historical Understanding:Centered on the Shift of Comments on the Orthodox Writers of the Three Kingdoms’History from Song and Ming to Qing

作　　者：周积明[1] Zhou Jiming

机构地区：[1]湖北大学暨“湖北当代文化研究中心”,湖北武汉430062

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第10期105-114,共10页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：自西晋陈寿作《三国志》以魏为居正,孰为三国正统,历代争执不休。元明之际《三国演义》出,尊刘反曹之正统观深入人心,方为《三国志》以来的三国正统之争划上句号。《三国志》以降,三国正统说虽众,但“皆自善其所见”。惟宋明以来“尊蜀”论者往往对陈寿、司马光为代表的“尊魏”书写者加以道德谴责,斥责他们妄肆私意,崇伪黜真。清代虽延续前代三国正统论中道德批判的余绪,但学术界主流意见却更多地秉持“设身处地”的立场,将三国正统论者置于其身处的历史图景中加以分析。这样一种转变在思想史上的背景是宋明之学与清学的分野,前者高举纲常伦理旗帜,论事论人论史皆以道德裁判,以伦理为标准。后者以平恕为立场,强调“以我之情絜人之情”,为古人设身而处地,从而标志着史学思想、史学认识的深化和成熟。从全球史的背景上观看,这样一种转变又与18世纪以降西方史学思潮从道德批评转向历史主义的动向不谋而合,这种东西方史学思潮的共趋性为史学理论研究者提供了一个颇有意思的论题。Since the emergence of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms in the Western Jin Dynasty,which regards Wei as the orthodox regime,there has been an ongoing debate on who is the legitimate ruler of the three kingdoms.However,with the publication of Romance of the Three Kingdoms during the Yuan and Ming dynasties,the view of Liu being the rightful ruler rather than Cao became deeply ingrained in people’s hearts,thus bringing an end to the debate on the legitimate ruler of the three kingdoms since the emergence of Records of the Three Kingdoms.Although there were many theories on the three kingdoms’legitimate ruler after the emergence of Records of the Three Kingdoms,they all based their arguments on their own perspectives.Since the Song and Ming dynasties,those who advocated the legitimacy of Shu often morally condemned those who were in favor of Wei,with Chen Shou and Sima Guang as the representatives of the latter group,accusing them of being arbitrary and preferring falsehood over truth.Although the Qing dynasty continued the moral critique of the theory on three kingdoms’legitimate ruler,the mainstream academic viewpoint was more inclined to“put oneself in another people’s shoes”and analyze the theory in the context of its historical background.This shift of thinking was attributed to the divergence between Song-Ming Confucianism and Qing Confucianism,with the former emphasizing ethics and morality in their historical analysis,and the latter placing greater emphasis on empathy and putting oneself in the ancient people’s position.Viewing from the perspective of global history,this shift coincides with the development trend of Western historiography since the 18th century,in which the focus shifted from moral critique to historicism.The convergence of Eastern and Western historiographical trends provides a fascinating topic for scholars of historiographical theory to discuss.

关 键 词：正统 三国正统之争 道德批判 历史认识 尊魏抑蜀 尊蜀伪魏 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]