论自助行为及其法律效力——《民法典》第1177条的解释论展开  

Self-help Behavior and Its Legal Effect:On the Interpretation of Article 1177 of the Civil Code

作　　者：朱凌珂 ZHU Lingke

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院

出　　处：《私法》2021年第2期122-141,共20页Private Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“民事审判逻辑的再构建研究”(18BFX065)成果

摘　　要：我国《民法典》第1177条规定了自助行为及其构成要件,但在实践运用中仍有解释空间。自助行为的要件应当包括行为人的申请未被驳回及申请未迟延。在民事诉讼程序中应当规定自助行为权利实现的程序规则,自助行为的申请保全程序应为专属管辖,若行为人不符合自助行为的实质要件或申请程序不合法时,法院可裁定驳回申请。虽然我国刑法上并未对自助行为是否具有违法性进行明确规定,但是自助行为在民法上被评价为适法行为,故在刑法上也不应当具有违法性。但这并不意味着如果行为人构成自助过当,属于民法上的不适法自助行为,就必然不能主张刑法上违法阻却事由之存在。在判断自助过当在刑法上的法律效力时,应当就行为人究竟是因为程序上瑕疵还是实质上不符合自助行为要件的规定而分别予以讨论。行为人在刑法上主张属于民法自助行为而可以阻却违法时,法院应将实体不符与程序不合法两种情形分开考量。Article 1177 of the Civil Code stipulates the self-help behavior and its constituent elements,but there is still room for interpretation in practice.In addition to detaining the property of the infringer,the obligee can also indirectly restrict the personal freedom of the obligor,so as to realize the right preservation and right relief.In the future,when formulating the relevant judicial interpretation,it should be clear that the application of the actor has not been rejected and the application has not been delayed should be regarded as the elements of self-help behavior.If the application of the actor has been rejected by the court or the relevant authorities,it can be identified as"improper measures taken".In the civil procedure,the procedural rules for the realization of the right of self-help behavior should be stipulated,and the application preservation procedure for self-help behavior should be under exclusive jurisdiction.If the actor does not meet the substantive requirements of self-help behavior or the application procedure is illegal,the court can rule to reject the application.Even if the criminal law of our country does not clearly stipulate whether the self-help behavior is illegal,the self-help behavior that is evaluated as legal in the civil law should not be illegal in the criminal law.However,this does not mean that if the actor constitutes excessive self-help,which belongs to the illegal self-help in civil law,it is inevitable that the criminal law can not prevent the existence of illegal causes.When judging the legal effect of self-help in criminal law,we should discuss whether the actor is due to procedural flaws or does not meet the requirements of self-help in essence.When the perpetrator claims that it belongs to the civil law self-help behavior and can prevent the violation of the law,the court should consider the entity inconsistency and the procedure illegality separately.

关 键 词：自助行为 《民法典》第1177条 自助过当 违法阻却事由 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]