北魏道武帝感生传说中的“埋胞”之谜  

The Mystery of"Maibao(埋胞)"in Northern Wei Emperor Daowu’s Induced Myth

作　　者：谢振华 Xie Zhenhua

机构地区：[1]山东大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《中国社会历史评论》2022年第1期62-72,297,共12页Chinese Social History Review

基　　金：山东大学历史文化学院基本科研业务费资助项目成果

摘　　要：在魏晋诸帝的感生神话中,北魏道武帝诞降异象中的“埋胞”具有独特性,因缺乏历史渊源而颇为难解。事实上,“埋胞”并非拓跋部独有的处理胞衣的方式,秦汉之际的汉人就已通过“埋胞”寄予婴儿聪慧、肌肤柔腻、少病长寿等祝愿。这是一种由生殖崇拜衍生出的交感巫术。胞衣被赋予保护婴儿的功能,遂演化成内亚族群信奉的“于弥女神”。“于弥”是拓跋部以胞衣为崇拜对象衍生出的自然神,鲜卑人认为婴儿出生后,肉身与灵魂互相分离,胞衣是婴儿灵魂的寄托之所,需妥善保藏。这种隐含在拓跋族群中的“于弥”信仰,直至隋初才浮现在徙居河西的拓跋部中,而代北拓跋部的“于弥”信仰传入突厥后,演化成突厥族礼敬的“乌迈女神”。道武帝诞降异象所蕴含的多重文化因子,折射出内亚大陆的文化层叠与碰撞交融。In the induced myth of Emperor Daowu,"Maibao"is unique among other emperors.Because of the lack of historical origins,It becomes difficult to understand.Actually,this way does not exist along in Tuoba,The Chinese hope that the baby is smart,soft skin and less illness by"Maibao"in Qin and Han dynasty.This is a kind of witchcraft derived from reproductive worship.The placenta is deified because it has the function of protecting the baby.under such circumstances,After the baby is born,the body and the soul are separated from each other.The cell coat is the place of the baby’s soul and needs to be properly preserved.This is a belief of"Umay(于弥)"hidden in Tuoba,it was not until the early years of the Sui Dynasty that it emerged.Later,it became the Umay goddess of the Turkic worship.The induced myth of Emperor Daowu Contains Multicultural factors,Reflecting the cultural cascading and collision between the inner Asian continents.

关 键 词：道武帝 感生传说 埋胞 于弥 乌迈 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学] B933[历史地理—中国史]