法官薪酬制度的美国经验与借鉴  

American Experience and Reference of Judge’s Salary System

作　　者：涂龙科[1] TU Longke

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院法学研究所,上海200020

出　　处：《国外社会科学前沿》2020年第2期4-11,83,共9页JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES

摘　　要：美国联邦法官薪酬制度包括宪法特别保障机制、具体的薪酬制度及退休金制度三个方面。联邦法官薪酬不得削减的宪法条款在实践中阐发为:国会无权在新的财政年度之后禁止法官薪酬的增加、对法官非歧视性征税不违反宪法、法官薪酬不应当随着生活成本的增加而被实质性地削减等。在具体的薪酬制度上,有特色的包括系统内部的高薪制、同一层级法官薪酬相同、法官薪酬定期增加等。美国联邦法官享受灵活、优厚的退休金制度和惠及法官亲属的年金制度。美国法律就法官职业的特殊风险,专门设置了经济补偿条款。我国可以通过借鉴美国相关行之有效的制度设计,合理完善我国法官的薪酬制度体系。Salary system of American federal judges includes three aspects:special constitutional safeguard mechanism,specific salary system and pension system.In practice,the constitutional provision that federal judge’s salary can’t be reduced is elaborated as follows:Congress has no right to prohibit the increase of judge’s salary after the new fiscal year,non-discriminatory taxation of judges is constitutional,and judge’s salary shouldn’t be substantially reduced with the increase of living cost,etc.In terms of the specific salary system,it has its own characteristics,including the high salary within the system,the same salary of the same level judges,and the regular increase of judges’salary,etc.American federal judges enjoy a flexible and generous pension system and an annuity system that benefits the judges’relatives.Judges’pension can’t be reduced.American laws set up economic compensation clauses for the special risks of judge’s profession technically.China can learn from the relevant effective system design of the United States to improve China compensation system of judges.

关 键 词：美国法官 薪酬制度 职业保障 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD916.2