道德宗教的内在意蕴——以康德的《纯然理性界限内的宗教》为中心  

On Moral Religion of Kant

作　　者：马彪 MA Biao

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学政治学院

出　　处：《国外社会科学前沿》2019年第10期21-29,83,共10页JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES

基　　金：南京农业大学人文社科项目“批判哲学体系中的上帝思想研究”(SKYC2017009)的阶段性成果.

摘　　要：康德的宗教思想一直被后世学者解读为道德宗教或理性神学,即基于道德的宗教或根于理性的神学,然而从既有的文献看,人们对其内在意蕴所指为何的细化研究却不甚多见。为准确理解康德,须对此议题加以探讨:就宗教的起源而言,康德主张人的义务(道德)应先于上帝的诫命,而非相反。在此层面上,可以说康德的宗教观念倾向于自然宗教,而非启示宗教。不过,这不意味着康德完全拒绝启示的作用。在他看来,只要有助于真的宗教的确立,上帝启示,甚至奇迹都是容许的,虽然它们与宗教的本质无涉,只有引导作用。然而,这一引导作用到底是体现在唤醒理性神学的外在起始处,还是体现在促进道德宗教的内在过程中,却是不可知的。基于此,可以说,康德的道德宗教既不是传统意义上的自然神论,也不是他所界定的理性主义以及纯粹理性主义,而是基于自然宗教之上的不可知论。The problem of religion has been layed in the center of Kant’s philosophy, including pre-critical philosophy and critical philosophy. It is undoubtedly that Kant’s viewpoint on religion would clearly be interpreted in his Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft and Der Streit der Fakult?ten. As far as an origin of religion and its inner possibility is concerned, Kant’s viewpoint, in contrast to Pietism or Moravian in 18 th century, is that God’s revelation would be based on the prerequisite of the duty. In other words, in a certain sense Kant approves natural religion instead of revealed religion. Admittedly, it will not mean Kant would refuse all revelations in an empirical world, although he accepted natural religion. Based on the analysis above, it is difficult for us to define the religious position of Kant by Deism-Ratinalism or pure Rationaism, because those concepts lie beyond the limit of reason in Kant’s philosophical sense.

关 键 词：康德 宗教 义务 自然宗教 启示宗教 

分 类 号：B920[哲学宗教—宗教学]