我国犯罪记录整体封存的制度构建  

作　　者：郑二威 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2023年第4期81-99,共19页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“犯罪化的理论体系与实践机制研究”(21AFX010)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：犯罪记录封存制度在保障犯罪人员的正当性权利方面具有重要意义。进入新时代,这一制度得到了长足发展,在未成年人犯罪记录封存领域,经由制度试行、法律定型与规范补正三个阶段实践,基本上已经达到了成熟。但对于犯罪记录封存制度本身及其所要实现的目的来说,该制度依然存在着适用主体范围与刑罚范围过窄,与犯罪记录有限查询模式相抵牾,无法从规范层面保障犯罪人的整体再社会化,无法从事实层面达到有限被遗忘效果等问题,因此有必要构建犯罪记录整体封存制度。犯罪记录整体封存制度的构建须明确“犯罪记录”的范围与属性,以及“整体封存”所具有的有限被遗忘权的内涵,应以分层管理、区分效果为层级构造,以废除犯罪记录报告义务,改造裁判文书公开、人事档案等制度,理清整体封存与从业禁止之间的关系,整合不合理的前科就业限制规范为配合。通过以法定与申请两种方式封存犯罪记录,改造刑事诉讼法中未成年人犯罪记录的封存制度,从而实现犯罪记录整体封存制度的立法塑造。The criminal record sealing system is of great significance in safeguarding the legitimate sexual rights of offenders.In the new era,this system has been developed by leaps and bounds.In the field of sealing criminal records of juvenile delinquency,it has basically reached maturity through three stages of practice:trial implementation of the system,legal finalization and correction of norms.However,in terms of the criminal record sealing system itself and the purpose it aims to achieve,there are still problems such as narrow scope of application and punishment,contradiction with the limited query mode of criminal records,fail to guarantee the overall resocialization of criminals in the normative level,and fail to achieve the effect of limited forgetting in the factual level.Therefore,it is necessary to construct an overall criminal record sealing system.The construction of the system must clarify the scope and attributes of“criminal records”and the connotation of the limited forgetting rights that“overall sealing”has,with a hierarchical structure based on hierarchical management and differentiated effects.In addition,we will also abolish the obligation to report criminal records,reform the disclosure of judicial documents,personnel files and so on,clarify the relationship between the overall sealing and employment prohibition,and consolidate the unreasonable employment restrictions for previous convictions.By sealing criminal records in both statutory and application ways and reforming the sealing system of juvenile delinquency records in the Criminal Procedure Law,we can realize the legislation shaping the overall sealing of criminal records.

关 键 词：犯罪记录 整体封存 有限查询模式 再社会化 有限被遗忘权 立法塑造 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]