胡汉之相:宋夏以来婆罗门艺术新样探究  

Portraits of Hu and Han:An Analysis of the Image of the Brahmins since Song and Xixia

作　　者：吴雪梅 Wu Xuemei(School of History and Civilization,Shaanxi Normal University)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《丝绸之路研究集刊》2022年第2期482-503,536-537,共24页Journal of the Silk Road Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目“敦煌壁画外来图像文明属性研究”(20VJXT014);陕西师范大学历史文化学院研究生“念海史学”探索项目“西夏佛经版画图像研究”阶段性成果。

摘　　要：婆罗门(梵文:Brahmana),意译为外意、净行、净志、静志等。《瑜伽师地论》认为婆罗门有三种:“一种姓婆罗门,二名想婆罗门,三正行婆罗门。”^(①)《旧唐书·西戎传》称:“天竺国,即汉之身毒国,或云婆罗门地也。”^(②)《新唐书·西域传》记:“天竺国,汉身毒国也,或曰摩伽陀,曰婆罗门。”^(③)由上可知,婆罗门主要来自印度地区,其形象“人皆儋耳,布裹腰”。^(④)在佛典中,婆罗门主要指佛教之外的婆罗门教,与婆薮仙、鹿头梵志、尼乾子、劳度叉、六师外道等同属于佛的对立群体,佛教产生以后,提倡种姓平等,允许不同种姓的人加入教团,因此僧团中也有婆罗门出身的僧人,如舍利弗、目犍连等。Brahman is a common character subject in Buddhist art,it is widely seen in Buddhist art in India,Central Asia,the Western Regions,and the Han region.Its appearance is usually a male figure with a bundle of hair,a withered body,and a naked upper body.Through sorting out the image data of various periods,you can see that there are specific Brahman images in grotto murals,statues,prints and other images,the image of Brahman did not change much before the Song Dynasty.In Xixia,the image of Huren appeared in Buddhist scripture prints.At the same time,the image of Brahman was painted as a noble man and an old man in the murals of Buddhist temples in the Jin Dynasty in Shanxi.The change of Brahman’s image triggers our thinking about identity,cultural concepts,and artistic aesthetics behind his style.Think that the sinicization is the main clue when painters deal with Brahman images over time.Although the Brahman image in the Xixia prints is a Hu people,it actually reflects the Xixia people’s identification and advertised identity of the orthodox Han culture in the Central Plains under the influence of Confucian culture.In addition,with the rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties,it he prosperity of literati painting makes the foreign images of this period reflect the strong Chinese color.Through the transformation of Brahman image,we can see the gradual integration and sinicization of foreign art in the Han cultural circle after Song Xia.

关 键 词：西域传 《瑜伽师地论》 胡汉 婆罗门 旧唐书 天竺国 种姓 摩伽陀 

分 类 号：J19[艺术—艺术理论] K879[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K23[历史地理—历史学]