美国“航行自由行动”的法理根基与双重本质——兼论中国的因应之道  

The Jurisprudential Foundation and Dual Essences of US Freedom of Navigation Operation:Also on China’s Corresponding Measures

作　　者：郑实 

机构地区：[1]湖北汽车工业学院法学系

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2020年第1期35-54,共20页Wuhan University International Law Review

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“南海地区安全合作机制研究”(项目批准号:15JZD036)的阶段性研究成果之一.

摘　　要：美国海军近期在南海地区的频繁活动再次引发了国际社会对"航行自由行动"的普遍关注。美国"航行自由行动"自提出伊始便奉行法律工具主义,强调以维护海洋自由原则为宗旨,并以海军实力为支撑,通过单边行动推行美国的一己之见而游离于《联合国海洋法公约》之外。尽管该行动的实施始终以维护海洋法律秩序为基调,其在本质上却具有双重性:在理想面向上构成了维护自由国际秩序的重要环节;同时在现实面向上成为了新时代背景下巩固美国全球霸权的战略工具。这种双重本质也充分反映了美国国际法实践中全球法律主义与单边例外主义的深刻矛盾。面对日趋常态化的美国"航行自由行动",中国应当进一步提高自身的综合实力,尤其是不断增强包含国际法议题设置权在内的外交软实力,加强和拓展海上军事行动以促进中美战略互信,并据此展开与美方在国际法上的话语竞争,进而维护自身的合法权益。Recently the frequent activities of the United States Navy in the South China Sea have once again aroused the general concern of the international community about US Freedom of Navigation Operation(FONOP).Since its inception,the US FONOP has regarded the legal instrumentalism as the supreme principle,emphasizing the principle of freedom of the sea as its purpose and the naval strength as its support to promote the views of the United States through unilateral action,and has drifted away from the multilateral mechanism of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.Although the implementation of this action has always been based on the maintenance of the legal order of the sea,in essence,it has a dual nature:ideally,it constitutes an important link in maintaining the liberal international order,and in reality,it has become a strategic tool to consolidate the global hegemony of the United States in the context of the new era.These fully reflect the profound contradiction between global legalism and unilateral exceptionalism in the American practice of international law.In the face of the increasingly normalization of the US FONOP,China should further enhance its comprehensive strength,especially its diplomatic soft power,which includes the right to set up international law issues,and strengthen and expand maritime military operations to promote strategic mutual trust between China and the United States,so as to launch the discourse competition in the international law with the United States.Only in this way can China safeguard its own legitimate rights and interests.

关 键 词：航行自由行动 法律工具主义 全球法律主义 单边例外主义 大国政治 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]