贝叶斯-拉普拉斯“脑”与美的体验  

The Bayesian-Laplacian Brain and the Experience of Beauty

作　　者：  黄筱茜(译) Semir Zeki;Oliver Y.Chén

机构地区：[1]英国伦敦大学学院细胞与发育生物学系 [2]英国伦敦大学学院神经生物学实验室 [3]浙江大学

出　　处：《马克思主义美学研究》2022年第1期149-178,369-370,共32页Research on Marxist Aesthetics

摘　　要：针对学界关于大脑作为贝叶斯-拉普拉斯系统(Bayesian-Laplacian system,后文缩写为B-L)的讨论,通过区分大脑推理系统运作所依据的两大类先验机制——生物性先验(简称β先验,βpriors)和人工性先验(简称为α先验,αpriors),本文概述了在关于B-L的未来讨论中值得完善的地方。β先验——以色彩类别和面孔识别为最佳范例——为人们所共有,它来自先天遗传或在出生后便被迅速习得,对经验带来的变化具有高度的或相对的抗性,由其得出的后验概率具有较高的普适性和一致性;相较之下,α先验——以人工制品为范例——为后天习得并在出生后的各生命阶段不断修正,因而更适应或更易于接受新的经验,由此生成的后验概率的普适性较低。概而言之,二者的区别在于以下两个方面,一是α先验比β先验更易为实验和经验改变;二是β先验的后验结果普适性高于α先验。两种先验如同截然不同的两极,其中间区间则意味着二者在不同程度上的综合体,相应的后验结果的情况也是如此。本文对两类先验机制的区分受到康德对经验与概念之关系以及他对决定的与未定的两个概念的划分的影响,但与康德思想不同的是,我们认为,功利的、人工的概念更容易被归类为“未定的”,其判断受到个人经验的影响,不能被假定(在人工范畴的情况下)为具有普遍有效性。进而在美的体验这一领域我们划分了生物美和人工美,并以面孔之美、建筑之美等类别为例分析了两类先验的表现形式及作用。We outline what we believe could be an improvement in future discussions of the brain acting as a Bayesian-Laplacian system.We do so by distinguishing between two broad classes of priors on which the brain's inferential systems operate:in one category are biological priors(βpriors)and in the other artefactual ones(αpriors).We argue thatβpriors,of which colour categories and faces are good examples,are more difficult to alter by experiment and experience compared withαpriors,of which man-made objects are examples.Another cardinal distinction between the two is that the probability of posteriors generated fromβpriors having universal agreement is greater than that forαpriors.The distinction ofβpriors andαpriors we made here is partly influenced by Kant's categories of determinate and indeterminate concepts.In our system,contrary to that of Kant,it is the utilitarian,artefactual,concepts that could more easily be classified as“indeterminate”since,being dependent upon individual experience,the judgment derived therefrom cannot be assumed(in the case of the artefactual category)to have universal validity.Then we suggest that beauty itself must be divided into biological beauty(in which we include mathematical beauty)and artefactual beauty,and two categories of priors act differently in the experience of face and architectural beauty.

关 键 词：审美经验 人工性先验 贝叶斯式大脑运作 生物性先验 色彩视觉 

分 类 号：B83-05[哲学宗教—美学]