老舍的文学观及其小说创作  

Lao She’s Ideas on Literature and His Novel Writing

作　　者：王锺陵[1] Wang Zhongling

机构地区：[1]苏州大学东吴国学研究院

出　　处：《江苏社会科学》2021年第3期201-215,244,共16页Jiangsu Social Sciences

摘　　要：如果说张爱玲的小说是由雅及俗,体现的是雅中之俗,那么老舍的小说则是由俗而雅,体现的是俗中之雅。老舍的这种创作道路,同他的身世经历有密切的关系。他的天赋的幽默感,根源于清末北京满人对小趣味、小刺激的沉醉,及其将微不足道的事物艺术化的能力。老舍的文学观中主要有两个要素:一是艺术,即如何写;一是揭示,亦即是将世态人情中所存在的渺小与污浊刻画出来。老舍小说的成就,是"五四"文学革命所提倡的建立平民文学与白话文学主张的最为直接而典型的回应。老舍由于出身贫寒及其与北京的世俗文化、风土人情有着很深的联结,因此他的小说艺术是从"俗"上起步的,在西方小说及新文学运动的强烈影响下,他走着一条既追求平民性又追求艺术性的道路,因而形成了他在郑重与幽默之间的几次摆动:从滥用幽默,造成油腔滑调到故意禁止幽默,文字变得极其平淡无奇;再到返归幽默,却决心看住幽默,不准它将自己带了走,亦即是懂得了控制;最后又一次决定抛开幽默,正正经经地去写。这种多次的摆动所显示的,正是老舍求得俗中之雅的艰难。《离婚》和《骆驼祥子》表明了他此种追求的成功。If Zhang Ailing’s novels write about the vulgar with elegance,revealing vulgarity in elegance,then Lao She’s novels write about the elegant with vulgarity,revealing elegance in vulgarity.Lao She’s writing style is closely related to his life experience.His natural sense of humor had its roots in Beijing Manchu’s intoxication of tiny joys and excitements in the late Qing dynasty and their ability to dramatize trivial things.There are two main elements in Lao She’s ideas on literature:one is art,that is,how to write;the other is revelation,that is,to portray the insignificant and filthy that exists in the ways of the world.The achievement of Lao She’s novels is the most direct and typical response to the claim of establishing civilian literature and vernacular literature advocated by the May Fourth literary revolution.Because of his poor family background and his deep connection with Beijing’s secular culture and customs,his novel writing started from the"vulgar".Under the strong influence of Western novels and the new art and literary movement,he walked along a path of pursuing both popularity and artistry,thus resulting in several shifts between solemnity and humor:At first,he heavily used humor,producing a slippery tone,and then deliberately stopped using humor,producing extremely plain and unremarkable language;then he reused humor,but decided to take control of it,not allowing it to take control of him,that is,knowing how to control;finally he decided to abandon humor and write seriously.All these repeated shifts show the difficulty in his seeking elegance in vulgarity.Divorce and Camel Xiangzi show the success of his pursuit.

关 键 词：老舍 张爱玲 京派与海派 俗中之雅 《正红旗下》 《骆驼祥子》 

分 类 号：I207.42[文学—中国文学]