功能主义视野下抵押权物上代位规则的体系展开——以民法典《担保制度司法解释》第42条为中心  

The Systematic Unfolding of the Subrogation of Mortgages under the Functionalist Perspective——Comment on Article 42 of the Judicial Interpretation of the Security System of the Civil Code

作　　者：任我行 Ren Woxing

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《厦门大学法律评论》2022年第1期23-46,共24页Xiamen University Law Review

摘　　要：司法实践中存在僵化理解适用《民法典》第390条,将抵押权的代位物局限于保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金的现象,这与抵押权的价值权属性背道而驰。债权请求权在抵押物毁损、灭失后作为交换价值的媒介而存在,故抵押权的物上代位客体是债权请求权。对《担保制度司法解释》第42条第1款的解释应当采取请求权代位说。作为代位物的债权具有多种表现形态,可能是金钱债权、请求让与不动产的债权、请求让与动产的债权以及请求让与其他有形、无形财产的债权。关于抵押权物上代位的法律构成,在金钱债权的场合,理论上存在担保物权延续说与债权质权说两种观点。以债权质权说对物上代位的法律构成进行理解,符合《担保制度司法解释》第42条第2款的条文本旨。实际上,债权质权说是在功能主义的视野下适用担保物权的转化规则所得出的结论,即若某种担保权与担保物权体系中的某种法定权利形式最为类似,自应适用法律有关该种担保物权的规范。在其他债权的场合,无须以担保物权延续说或债权质权说进行解释,但应以功能主义为抓手,通过担保物权的转化规则,促进抵押权的物上代位规则与担保物权的体系融合。In judicial practice,there is a rigid understanding of the application of Article 390 of the Civil Code,which limits the subrogation of mortgages to insurance,indemnity or compensation,which is contrary to the characteristic of value right of mortgages.The right to claim exists as a medium of exchange value after the destruction or loss of the mortgage,Consequently,the subrogation shall be interpreted as the right to claim.The interpretation of Article 42(1)of the Judicial Interpretation should adopt the claim subrogation theory.Claims as subrogation have various manifestations,which may be money claims,claims requesting the alienation of real property,claims requesting the alienation of movable property,and claims requesting the alienation of other tangible and intangible property.With respect to the legal composition of subrogation of a mortgage,in the case of a monetary claim,there are two theoretical views:the continuation of security interest and the pledge of claims.The legal constitution of subrogation by claim pledge is in line with the intent of Article 42(2)of the Judicial Interpretation.The pledge-of-claims approach is in fact a functionalist view that applies the rules of transformation of security rights to the conclusion that if a security right is the most similar to a legal form of right in the security rights system,the norms of the law governing that security right should apply.In the case of other claims,there is no need to interpret the continuation of the security right doctrine or the claim pledge doctrine,but functionalism should be used as a grip to promote the integration of the subrogation rules of the mortgage with the system of security rights through the conversion rules of the security right.

关 键 词：抵押权 物上代位 功能主义 担保物权 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]