玉米/大豆和玉米/甘薯模式下玉米干物质积累与分配差异及氮肥的调控效应  

Differences of dry matter accumulation and distribution of maize and their responses to nitrogen fertilization in maize/soybean and maize/sweet potato relay intercropping systems

作　　者：王小春[1] 杨文钰[1] 邓小燕[1] 张群[1] 雍太文[1] 刘卫国[1] 杨峰[1] 毛树明[2] 

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院,农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川温江611130 [2]仁寿县农业局,四川仁寿620500

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第1期46-57,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103001);四川玉米单季稻大面积均衡增产技术集成研究与示范项目(2012BAD04B13-2);四川省育种攻关项目(2011NZ0098-15-2)资助

摘　　要：【目的】西南山地玉米区是我国第三大玉米主产区,但单产比全国低近750 kg/hm2。由于该区特殊的气候条件,玉米以多熟间套种植为主,如何利用多熟种植中各作物的间套优势和茬口特性,寻求提高本区玉米产量的新途径,是农业科技工作者研究的热点。本文在四川的两个玉米主产区,通过四年的田间小区试验,对比研究了西南玉米主要的两种套作模式—玉米/大豆和玉米/甘薯模式下玉米干物质积累分配、转运差异及施氮量对其的调控效应,以探讨种植模式和氮肥管理的增产效应。【方法】2008年设置玉米/大豆和玉米/甘薯两个套种田间试验,分析比较两种模式玉米干物质积累、分配和转运的差异;2009 2010年在前一年的基础上分带轮作,即玉米分别种在大豆或甘薯茬上,分析套作和轮作效应对玉米干物质积累的影响;2011年,在前三年的基础上,采用小区套微区的方式,研究两种模式下不同施氮水平(N0、N90、N180、N270、N360)对玉米干物质积累和转运的调控。【结果】1)在玉米/大豆模式下,玉米干物质积累量从蜡熟期开始显著高于玉米/甘薯模式,茎鞘输出率也显著高于玉米/甘薯模式,最终产量增加2.4%3.2%,但差异未达显著水平;2)分带轮作后,从拔节期开始,玉米/大豆模式下玉米干物质积累量就显著高于玉米/甘薯模式,到成熟期两套种模式下玉米单株干物质积累两试验点平均相差达26.8 g,茎秆向籽粒的输出率和贡献率也显著高于玉米/甘薯模式,收获指数玉米/大豆模式平均较玉米/甘薯模式提高3.9%,最终玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量较玉米/甘薯模式增幅加大,两年两个试验点分别增加了7.4%和14.4%;3)氮肥对两种模式下玉米干物质积累分配和产量的调控效应显著,玉米/大豆模式下,玉米以施氮180kg/hm2处理,而玉米/甘薯模式下270 kg/hm2处理与同一模式下其他氮素水平相比,增加了光合产物�【Objectives】The southwest region is the third major maize producing area in China where the maize yield is 750 kg / ha lower than the national average yield. Due to exceptional weather conditions in this region,intercropping is the main planting pattern of maize. How to use intercropping advantages and previous crop stubble features is a new approach to increase maize yield in this region. In order to explore a new way to improve maize yield and a reasonable nitrogen management to keep a sustainable yield increase of intercropped maize,a field experiment was conducted to investigate dry matter accumulation,distribution,transportation and their responses to nitrogen fertilization under maize / soybean( MS) and maize / sweet potato( MSP) relay strip intercropping systems from 2008 to 2011 in two major maize producing areas in Sichuan.【Methods】A single factor experiment including maize / soybean and maize / sweet potato relay strip intercropping systems was developed to explore effects of different planting patterns on maize dry matter accumulation,distribution and transportation in 2008. From 2009 to 2010,the experiment was set up by strip rotation,which made the two intercropped crops strips be exchanged,including growing maize on the strips of land which were soybean( or sweet potato) strips the previous year,so did soybean( or sweet potato) to explore effects of intercropping and crop rotation on maize dry matter accumulation. In 2011,effects of different nitrogen application rates( N0,N90,N180,N270 and N360) on maize dry matter accumulation and distribution and their responses to nitrogen fertilization were studied using the micro-plot experiment.【Results】1) From the dough stage,the dry matter accumulation of maize and dry matter transportation efficiency in stemsheath in the maize / soybean intercropping system are significantly higher than those in the maize / sweet potato intercropping system with a yield increasing of 2. 4%- 3. 2%,however,the yield difference is insignificant. 2)After the strip

关 键 词：玉米/大豆(甘薯) 玉米 施氮量 干物质积累分配 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S565.1S531