夸张性隐喻的梯级含义功能  

The Scalar Implicature Function of Hyperbolic Metaphors

作　　者：蒋勇[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学

出　　处：《现代外语》2004年第3期274-281,共8页Modern Foreign Languages

摘　　要：Glucksberg(1999,2003)与他的合作研究者(Glucksberg&Keysar1990,Glucksberg&McGlone1999)提出了阐释隐喻意义的范畴包容论。他们认为隐喻的本体和喻体组成临时范畴,由于没有恰当的现成词语来表达临时范畴,人们姑且以隐喻的喻体来借指上一层级的临时范畴及其特征,并把该特征归属到隐喻的本体的特征中,因此,隐喻的交际功能是双重指代功能。然而,Glucksberg等所研究的几乎都是夸张性隐喻。夸张性隐喻不仅涉及到临时范畴的构建,而且还涉及到临时语用梯级的构建。本文认为可以用推导夸张的梯级含义的方法来推导夸张性隐喻的梯级含义,即通过“下移”或“上浮”的方法,从语用梯级中的夸张程度点(或称参照点)的状况推导出语用梯级中相邻的强调程度点(或称目标点)的状况。夸张性隐喻的命题信息与背景知识的互动和张力运动使听话人从隐喻的命题所描述的事物的极限程度推导出事物的非常程度。因此,夸张性隐喻在交际中的主要功能是传递梯级含义的功能,而不是双重指代功能。Glucksberg (1999, 2003) and his co-researchers (Glucksberg & Keysar 1990,Glucksberg & McGlone 1999) proposed the class-inclusion theory of metaphor in which comprehension is conceived as a search for an ad hoc 'attributive category' and for its attributes which are exemplified by the metaphor vehicle. They conclude that metaphors embody the communicative strategy of dual reference-using prototypical category member names to identify non-lexicalized categories. A statistical analysis of the metaphor data in Glucksberg and his co-researchers' papers has shown that almost all of them are hyperbolic metaphors. By examining issues such as ad hoc pragmatic scalars and scalar implicatures of hyperbolic metaphors, we incorporate those aspects of metaphors which Glucksberg et al. have not yet taken into account. The derivation of scalar implicatures of hyperbolic metaphors parallels that of hyperboles in that the exaggerated reference point highlights its neighboring target point in the scalar model as a result of the interactions and tensions between the metaphorical proposition and the ad hoc scalar model constructed with the sources from the background. We conclude that the central communicative function of hyperbolic metaphors lies in triggering scalar implicatures rather than aiming for dual reference.

关 键 词：范畴包容论 梯级含义 夸张 夸张性隐喻 

分 类 号：H05[语言文字—语言学]