本质与实存——西方形而上学的实存哲学路线  

Essentia and Existentia: The Evolution of Existentia in the Western Metaphysics

作　　者：孙周兴[1] 

机构地区：[1]同济大学哲学与社会学系

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2004年第6期71-81,共11页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：本文尝试从海德格尔的存在历史观出发 ,根据“本质—先验”之问与“实存—超验”之问的形而上学基本问题结构来清理作为形而上学的实存哲学的路线。本文认为 ,作为西方形而上学史上的一条隐线 ,实存哲学的渊源可以追溯到古希腊的亚里士多德。但后世的阐释重点多半落在亚里士多德的实体 (本质 )—范畴论上 ;至于他的个体实现之论 ,则在中古哲学中被转化为神性作用—现实论 ,并进一步在近代哲学中被纳入主体—客体现实论之中。近世基督教神秘主义思潮中的实存哲学倾向未能形成气候。而自谢林以降 ,通常所谓的现代非理性主义哲学把实存问题与意志、情绪等内在因素联系在一起 ,其反本质主义形而上学传统的动机日益彰现 ,终于在 2 0世纪上半叶成就了实存哲学—实存主义主潮。Based on Heidegger's history of being, the author explores the evolution o f the philosophy of existentia as metaphysics in the framework where “essentia-trans ce ndental' and “existential-transcendent' constitute the basic question of metap hy sics. According to the author, the philosophy of existentia as an implicit line in the history of Western metaphysics may be dated to Aristotle. However, while much has been done to study Aristotle's entity-category, his expositions on indi vidual perfection were turned to divinity-reality in the Medieval philosophy, a n d subject-object in modern philosophy. The philosophy of existenia, having fail e d to blossom in the modern Christian mysticism, finally developed into a major t rend in the first half of the 20th century, since the notion has been related to mental factors such as will and sentiment in the so-called modern irrational p h ilosophy after Schelling and the elements in the philosophy of existentia that a re against the metaphysical tradition of essentia were brought afore.

关 键 词：西方 形而上学 实存哲学路线 存在学 神学 本质主义 个体-此在论 

分 类 号：B089[哲学宗教—哲学理论]