微生物群落结构和多样性解析技术研究进展  

Research progresses on analytical technologies used in microbial community structure and diversity

作　　者：车玉伶[1] 王慧[1] 胡洪营[1] 梁威[2] 郭玉凤[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学环境科学与工程系,北京100084 [2]中国科学院水生物所,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《生态环境》2005年第1期127-133,共7页Ecology and Environmnet

基　　金：国家 863 高技术研究发展专项资助项目(2002AA601150)

摘　　要：微生物群落结构和多样性是微生物生态学和环境科学研究的热点内容,对于开发微生物资源,阐明微生物群落与其生境的关系,揭示群落结构与功能的联系,从而指导微生物群落功能的定向调控具有重要意义。基本按照年代顺序概述了常用的微生物群落结构及多样性解析技术,同时也体现了解析技术由片面向全面、由低分辨水平向高分辨水平的发展过程。20 世纪 70 年代以前,对环境微生物群落结构及多样性的认识依赖传统的培养分离方法,方法的分辨水平低,认识是不全面的和有选择性的;20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代,在微生物化学成分分析的基础上建立了生物标记物方法(醌指纹法、磷脂脂肪酸法等),对微生物群落结构和多样性的认识进入到较客观的层次上;在 80 和 90 年代,以 DNA 为目标物的现代分子生物学技术(rRNA基因测序技术、基因指纹图谱等)比较精确地揭示了微生物种类和遗传的多样性,并给出了关于群落结构的直观信息。指出了每种解析技术的功能特点和局限性,并展望了解析技术的发展趋势是原位、快速、灵敏、高通量和准确定量。Microbial community structure and diversity is the hotspot content of microbial ecology and environmental science, which is important for exploiting microbe resources—clarifying the relation of microbial community and its habitats, disclosing the connec- tion between the community structure and its function, and then consequently guiding directional adjustment to control of microbial community function. In this paper, almost all of the analytical technologies of microbial community structure and diversity com- monly adopted were summarized according to the time when each one came into being, which also showed the evolutionary process of analytical technologies from partial level to general level and from low distinguishing level to high distinguishing level. Before 1970's, knowledge about community structure and diversity of environmental microorganisms based on traditional culturing and isolating technology of low distinguishing level is partial and selective. During 1970's and 1980's, knowledge about community structure and diversity of environmental microorganisms came into a more objective level because of the foundation of biomaker methods, which is based on the chemical component analysis of microbe, such as quinones profiling, phospholipid fatty acids com- position and so on. During 1980's and 1990's, modern molecule biology technologies that the aim object is to study DNA (such as rRNA sequence- determining technology, gene fingerprint etc.) accurately disclosed the species diversity and inheritance diversity of microorganisms and provided us with external information about microbial community structure. Characteristics of the functions and limits of every analytical technology were presented in this paper and it is estimated that the trend of analytical technology is original locality, speediness, high sensitivity, high flux and exact quantitative.

关 键 词：微生物群落结构 微生物多样性 解析技术 研究进展 

分 类 号：Q938.1[生物学—微生物学]