省略与成分缺失  

Ellipsis and Missing Objects

作　　者：李艳惠[1] 

机构地区：[1]美国南加州大学,洛杉矶90089

出　　处：《语言科学》2005年第2期3-19,共17页Linguistic Sciences

摘　　要：语言是音义配对的系统,但有时会出现有义无音的现象。这种现象,句法学上通常以“空号”来表示。但没有声音时,我们怎么知道是否有空号存在,这空号应该有什么意思呢?本文的主要论点是这些“空号”的存在和意义是由句法中的中心语(head)的选择限制来决定的。中心语的词汇特性决定了是否须有空号出现以及该空号如何解释。这个分析法是依赖词汇特性,不像删略法是根据语境删略句中已经生成出现的某些成分。在文献上,各式的“删略”结构,如谓语省略(VPellipsis)、动词省略(Gapping)、截省(sluicing)等大部由删略法来分析。这种删略分析无法解释汉语中谓语省略的各种句式及其意义。依据词汇特性来决定空号是否生成不但能分出这些谓语省略的句式和意义,而且还能正确地说明为什么一般语言,如汉语、英语等,都不可以省略中心语:这些语言都没有真正的动词或名词短语的中心语删略现象。删略并不是只要语境清楚就可。删略操作是在最简方案中视移位为拷贝合并时,为了要把一个有上下结构的句子或短语线性化所需要的运作。Even though language is a system pairing sound and meaning, it is common to find instances that have meaning but not sound. These cases are represented by empty elements in a syntactic structure. Without audible sound, how does a speaker determine the existence and interpretation of an empty element? We argue that the determining factor is the selection properties of a head.Contrary to the deletion approach advocated by various linguists for ellipsis structures such as VP-ellipsis, Gapping and Sluicing, which deletes elements on various linguistic, pragmatic grounds, we argue that a base-generation approach incorporating the notion of selection more adequately captures the interpretive properties of different types of VP-ellipsis structures in Chinese. A base-generation approach also correctly predicts the lack of constructions with a missing V or a missing N in English and Chinese.Deletion in the grammar should not be taken to apply freely under identity.Deletion is relevant to successful linearization of hierarchical syntactic structures in the copy and merge approach to movement in the Minimalist Program.

关 键 词：空号 删略 基础生成 谓语省略 中心语删略 成分缺失 英语 句法学 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]