“百姓”古义新解——兼论中国早期国家的社会基础  

New Explanation of “Baixing” in Ancient Times——Social Base of Early States of China

作　　者：林沄[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学边疆考古研究中心,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2005年第4期193-200,共8页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：春秋晚期以后,“百姓”一词已指普通民众,但是“百姓”一词的古义是“百官族姓”、“百官也。官有世功,受氏姓也”,在《国语》和《左传》中都有较详细的记载。否定这种说法的裘锡圭、朱凤瀚两位先生,根据的其实是东汉郑玄晚起的错误解释。朱凤瀚先生详细讨论过西周的由不同姓的诸多宗族族长担任世官的制度,这种制度可以追溯到商代或更早的夏代。“世官”源于不同的氏族或宗族以世代相传的特殊技能服务于社会。这些担任世官的不同姓的族长,就是“百姓”。能否凝聚众多的“百姓”服务于同一个社会组织,大大促进其发展,是中国早期国家形成的重要条件之一,所以“百姓”是早期国家的社会基础。“Baixing (百姓)” meant the common people after the later of the Spring and Autumn Period. But in the most ancient time, “baixing” had meant many officers from different clans, and the officers had been given their clans’ names because of their achievements from generation to generation. There were detail descriptions about “Baixing” in Guoyu and Zuozhuan. Professor Qiu Xi-gui and Zhu Feng-han denied this statement based on the later wrong explanation of Zhengquan of the Eastern Han dynasty. Professor Zhu Fenghan discussed in detail about the system in the Western Zhou dynasty that hereditary officers were held by many heads of clans, and the system originated in the Shang Dynasty, or even the Xia Dyansty. The hereditary officers came from different clans or gentes and served the society with special skills passed on from generation to generation. These heads of different clans who held the post of hereditary officers were “Baixing”. It was one of important factors of the formation of early states of China that whether or not many “Baixing” were united, served the society and promoted the society development. So “Baixing” is the social base of early states.

关 键 词：百姓 姓 世官 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学]