微生物的利用和防治实例——麦角菌、玉米黑粉菌、噬菌体T4及小麦锈病菌  

Utilization and Control of Micro-Organisms as Examplified by Ergots, Corn Smut, Bacteriophage T4 and Wheat Rusts

作　　者：陆师义[1] 陈玉梅[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院微生物研究所

出　　处：《云南农业大学学报》1989年第1期17-26,共10页Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University

摘　　要：本文总结了30年来作者在应用微生物学研究中所取得的一系列进展和成就如下: 麦角菌:麦角菌能引起多种禾谷类作物的严重病害,但它能产生有药用价值的一系列麦角碱,其中麦角新碱已被广泛地应用于妇产科临床,防治妇女产后大出血。麦角的含碱量随寄主而不同,一般为0.061％～0.34％.麦角菌的栽培已在黑麦上获得成功,由拂子茅（Calamagrostis epigious）分离的菌株Claviceps purpurea,Ce-3系列栽培产生的麦角的含总碱量达0.22％～0.40％.麦角碱的人工发酵生产已于1963年突破。利用灭菌的小麦粒接种麦角菌后,培养25天后,麦角碱的含量可达0.06％,与从黑麦地里采集的野生麦角的含碱量相近。在培养基内单独或混合加入葡萄糖、蔗糖、蛋白胨、硝酸铵和磷酸二氢钾可大大提高麦角碱产量。这种生产方法非常适用于条件有限的农村小工厂。麦角碱的液体深层发酵生产亦已取得成功,总碱和新碱的产量分别达到0.00936％和0.00579％.用鱼粉代替谷氨酸作氮源,总碱和新碱的产量分别增至0.0304％和0.0178％（发酵滤液）及0.160％和0.049 5％（菌丝体）。应用产碱期菌丝（idiophase mycelia）连续接种,无论在鱼粉或谷氨酸培养基中都可增加麦角碱的产量,并可使发酵周期缩短5～6天。菌落产碱动态的研究证明,产碱期菌丝在转入新鲜发酵培养基中后能继续保持旺盛的生长和较高水平的麦角碱合成能力。作者还创造了适用于快速测定发酵滤液中含碱量和菌落产碱能力的新方法。这一方法非常适用于产碱菌株的大量筛选和菌种的遗传育种研究。玉米黑粉菌玉米黑粉在发酵工业中有很大的应用潜力。它具有很高的突变率。黑色菌系形成的黑色素是酚化合物氧化的结果,加抗坏血酸可阻止黑色素的产生。作者近来证明,黑色素的产生与某些含硫氨基酸如甲硫氨酸、胱氨酸和半胱氨酸有关The authors summarized the following chief progress of their recearches of the recent thirty years in the field of applied micro-organism.Ergot Organism (Claviceps purpurea). A breakthrough has been made for the fermentation production of ergometrine, and the strain Ce-3 was found capable producing high amount of ergometrine.Ustilago maydis, the smut organism. The melanin formation of the organism was evidenced to be due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds and the process can be checked by ascorhic acid. TMTD(Tetramethyiuram disuefide) was. proved highly inhibitive to the growth of U. maydis and its pronounced chemotherapeutic effect on the infected corn seedlings was verified. In 1982 adouble stranded DNA plasmid of the organism was also found.Bacteriphage T4. Two important genes of this phage, gene 42 and imm have successfully cloned, and gene imm can confer immunity to host cells against infection and this provides the basis of a new approach for the control of phage infection in fermentation industry.Wheat rust. In saprophytic culturing of leaf rust organism (Puccinia recondita) was successed around 1960, and puhlished in 1964, furnishing apioneer demonstration.

关 键 词：农业 微生物学 微生物 生物防治 

分 类 号：S182[农业科学—农业基础科学]