加拿大一枝黄花——一种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物  

Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis): An invasive alien weed rapidly spreading in China

作　　者：董梅[1] 陆建忠[1] 张文驹[1] 陈家宽[1] 李博[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室,上海200433

出　　处：《植物分类学报》2006年第1期72-85,共14页Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(30170155)~~

摘　　要：加拿大一枝黄花Solidagocanadensis原产于北美,现已入侵到欧洲、亚洲和大洋洲等地,成为一种世界性的入侵性外来杂草,威胁着生态系统的生物多样性和农业生产,并造成显著的环境与经济损失。1935年,该物种作为庭院植物被引入上海,后逸生成为杂草,目前正在我国境内尤其是东部地区迅速扩散。本文较系统地介绍了加拿大一枝黄花在形态学、生物系统学、遗传多样性和生活史等方面的特征,并试图从其入侵力(繁殖力、化感作用、菌根营养)、被入侵生态系统的可入侵性(适宜的气候、生境破坏、天敌释放和土壤氮水平的影响)以及人类活动的直接影响等三方面分析其入侵成功的原因。最后,提出加拿大一枝黄花的防治关键在于控制其有性繁殖,现有的人工铲除和化学防治等措施都应在其有性繁殖之前实施。Invasive species pose a serious threat to native ecosystems and their biodiversity, and cause considerable economic loss to the regions they invade. In the case of Canada goldenrod （Solidago canadensis L.） （Compositae）, a long-lived perennial plant native to North America, it was initially introduced as an ornamental plant to Shanghai in 1935, it then escaped into the wild and it is now spreading rapidly in China, especially in eastern China. We here describe briefly this species in relation to invasion biology. S. canadensis is actually a Canada-goldenrod complex that consists of at least six subspecies and varieties. S. canadensis has great reproductive capacity （through both seed production and clonal growth） and high genetic variation, both of which contribute to its great invasiveness. S. canadensis may outcompete or allelopathically exclude native plant species, resulting in monospecific stands with concomitant loss of plant and insect diversity, and ultimately alteration in ecosystem functioning. Lack of natural enemies in the invaded ecosystems makes this species highly invasive. Abiotic factors such as niche opportunities created by habitat disturbance and human activities, and nitrogen deposition, can promote S. canadensis＇ establishment and spread through seed dispersal and vegetative structures. In addition, the species＇ capacity for early season emergence and growth, rapid clonal growth, wide physiological tolerance, and high architectural plasticity make the species highly aggressive under a wide range of ecological conditions. Although commonly used control methods of weeds may also be suitable for S. canadensis, minimising its seed production seems to be critical to its effective control, which requires that all the control measures be taken during its vegetative growth.

关 键 词：加拿大一枝黄花 防治 入侵机制 入侵种 有性繁殖 

分 类 号：S451[农业科学—植物保护]