多音多义字:不同的词位还是历史的层次?  

Multiple-Reading Characters: Different Lexemes or Historical Layers?

作　　者：陈重瑜 

出　　处：《语言研究》2006年第1期40-53,共14页Studies in Language and Linguistics

摘　　要：实际语音调查证明,多音多义字的音与义之间的对应往往并不存在。字典里的一读字在实际语音里又往往在不同词条里有不同的音变速度(例如:“稀罕(han4)”,“罕(han3)见”);多音多义字于是形成。一个字的读音在不同方言里有不同的对应,或合并,或分化。一字的多音多义仅是新旧音的重叠,音义的对应不但是偶然的,还是是暂时的,因为音变总是不断地进行着。今日口语里,声调不稳定,中古音里一样不稳定。《广韵》应当就是如《汉语方音字汇》第二、三版,是描述的性质的韵书(而第一版则属规范性质)。如果把《广韵》看成是规范性质的,就只好找出“综合性质”一类的解释来使这个系统合理化。本文的结论是,音变的研究应当把一个字中古多音多义的发展一并检视,如果以表面的语义差异来分割一个字,结果只能看到该字音变的一斑,看不到全豹。The reading-meaning correspondoncesin multiple-reading characters have never been clear-cut in Middle Chinese as well as in Modem Pekin（北京）. Results of surveys of actual pronunciations ofpoyinzi（破音字） as well as one-reading characters in Pekinese renders the term poyinzi（破音字） almost meaningless. This paper attempts to prove that the different pronunciations of Such characters are historical layers in the process of sound change and are stii subject to further sound change. The formation ofpoyinzi（破音字） has been entirely fortuitous, as revealed in cross,dialectal comparisons given in this paper. A poyinzi（破音字） ought to be studied in its entirety rather than divided into separate ‘lexemes＇, because such a division will obstruct our vision of the path of the Sound change. The 2nd and 3rd editions of Hanyu Fangyin Zihui（汉语方音字汇） are descriptive in nature and have encoded large numbers of deviations from the prescribed norms. Deviations are commonplace today; they must have been commonplace at any point in history. Guangvun may very well have been descriptive like the latter editions of Zihui（字汇）. To insist on claiming that Guangyun（广韵）Qieyun （切韵） was a prescriptive dictionary necessarily entails a ‘collective＇ interpretation.

关 键 词：多音多义字(破音字) 历史层次 音变 声调 

分 类 号：H11[语言文字—汉语]