欧洲乳制品的高氮成本:集约化导致的恶化  

High Nitrogen Costs of Dairy Production in Europe:Worsened by Intensification

作　　者：Marina Azzaroli Bleken Hvard Steinshamn Sissel Hansen 张秋英 

机构地区：[1]挪威生命科学大学植物和环境科学系 [2]挪威农业大学园艺和作物科学系 [3]挪威农业大学生物技术研究所

出　　处：《AMBIO－人类环境杂志》2005年第B12期592-600,共9页

摘　　要：集约化农业被推举为单位产品排放最小化的方法之一,并明显地促使正在进行的农业结构转变显得合理。我们选择了几个涵盖很大的环境和生产集约水平范围的奶牛场,通过计算氮总体排放因子(E:表示产品中每单位氮的总氮过剩量)来研究农业集约与氮耗散(dissipation)之间的关系。基本步骤如下:1)不同营养级(矿物质、动物、植物中)氮的差异;2)与所购买饲料有关的氮损失。研究结果表明,E值随奶牛场生产强度的增加而显著增大。将牲畜和作物部分分离开来各自实现最优化的惯例是可能原因。我们认为更粗放的农业,即:作物与牲畜生产再耦合,以及在减少生产的同时保持耕作,可减轻氮污染。Intensification of agriculture has been proposed as one way of minimizing emissions per unit of product,apparently legitimizing the ongoing structural changes in agriculture.We have investigated the relationship between the farming intensity and the nitrogen (N) dissipation by calculating the overall N emission factor (E)(E:total N surplus per unit of N in the produce) from several studies of dairy farms,covering a wide range of environments and production intensities.Fundamental steps were 1) the distinction between trophic levels,mineral,plant and animal N;and 2) the inclusion of N losses related to bought feed.The results show that E increases significantly with the production intensity of the dairy farm.The tradition for separate optimization of the animal and crop sectors may be a reason.We suggest that the N pollution can be mitigated by more extensive farming,both by re-coupling crop and animal production side by side,and by keeping land under cultivation when production is reduced.

关 键 词：集约化农业 高氮 乳制品 生产强度 恶化 成本 欧洲 单位产品 排放因子 结构转变 

分 类 号：S823.91[农业科学—畜牧学]